Dioxins and Furans and Hexachlorobenzene Inventory

Alberni Environmental Coalition	On-Line Library

Dioxins and Furans and Hexachlorobenzene

Inventory of releases

Prepared by

Environment Canada

and the

Federal/Provincial Task Force on Dioxins and Furans

for the

Federal-Provincial Advisory Committee

for the

Canadian Environmental Protection Act

(CEPA-FPAC)

January 1999

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Task Force would like to acknowledge the participation and input of all those who provided information for this report.

TABLE OF CONTENT

page
TABLE OF CONTENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.2

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS 1.3

PREAMBLE 1.13

1. INTRODUCTION 1.14

2. PCDDs/PCDFS INVENTORY SUMMARY 1.15

3. HCB INVENTORY SUMMARY 1.16

4. PCDDs/PCDFS - PRIORITY SECTORS 1.16

5. HCB PRIORITY SECTORS 1.16

SECTORAL DISCUSSIONS, COMMENTS, RECOMMENDATIONS & FPAC DECISIONS

6. Atmospheric Releases 2.1

7. Releases to Water 2.17

8. Releases to Soil 2.19

9. PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB - in Products 2.21

Tables

Table-1 Summary of PCDDS/PCDFs and HCB Releases to All Media 1.17

Table-2 PCDDS/PCDFs Releases in Canada in 1997 (Atmospheric, In Effluents, to Soil) 1.18

Table-3 HCB Atmospheric Releases 1.20

Table-4 PCDDs/PCDFs Releases in Canada, by Sector, for each Province 1.22

Table-4.1 PCDDs/PCDFs Release Information and Percent Contribution 1.24

Table-6.1 Municipal Waste Incineration 3.2

Table-6.2 Wood Combustion Residential 3.5

Table-6.3 Iron Manufacturing - Sintering Plants 3.6

Table-6.4 Pulp and Paper: Salt Laden Wood Boilers 3.7

Table-6.5 Steel Manufacture 3.8

Table-6.6 Fuel Combustion - Traffic 3.9

Table-6.7 Fuel Combustion - Residential 3.10

Table-6.8 Electric Power Generation 3.11

Table-6.9 Waste wood combustion 3.13

Table-6.10 Cement Kilns 3.14

Table-6.11 Hospital Incinerators 3.16

Table-6.12 Chemical Production 3.17

Table-6.13 In-service Utility Poles 3.18

Table-6.14 Wood Preservation Plants 3.19

Table-6.15 Hazardous Waste Incineration 3.20

Table-6.16 Kraft Liquour Boilers 3.21

Table-6.17 Federally owned Incinerators - All Types 3.22

Table-6.18 Steel Foundries Electric Arc Furnaces 3.23

Table 6.19 Sewage Sludge Incinerators 3.24

Table-6.20 Base Metals Smelting 3.25

Table-6.21 Secondary Lead Smelters 3.26

Table-6.22 Biomedical Incinerators 3.27

Table-6.23 Petroleum Refineries 3.28

Table-6.24 Secondary Aluminum Smelting 3.29

Table-7.1 Effluents from Pulp & Paper Sector 3.30

Table-7.2 Effluents from Wastewater Treatment Systems 3.31

Table-7.3 Effluents from Chemical Production 3.32

Table-8.1 Soil Disposal - Pesticides Use 3.33

Table-8.2 Soil Disposal - Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Systems 3.34

Table 8.3 Soil Disposal - In Service Utility Poles & Railroad Ties 3.35

Table 9.1 In Products - Salt Laden Wood Boilers 3.36

Table 9.2 In Products - Out-of-Service Treated Wood 3.37

Figures

Figure-1 PCDDs/PCDFs Releases in Canada to all Media (1999: projections) 1-1

Figure-2 Expected PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in 1999 (200 g TEQ/y) 1-5

Figure-3 PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in 1997, by province 1-6

Figure-4 Expected PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in 1999, by province 1-6

Figure-5 Atmospheric Releases of PCDDs/PCDFs 1-7

Figure-6 PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in Newfoundland for 1997 1-8

Figure-7 PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in Ontario for 1997 1-9

Figure-8 PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in Quebec for 1997 1-10

Figure-9 PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in British Columbia for 1997 1-11

Figure-10 PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in Alberta for 1997 1-12

Figure-11 ’90 - ’99 Atmospheric Releases of Dioxins and Furans in Canada (g TEQ/y) 1-21

Appendix -1 Plant by plant, releases to air, water & soil (Tables 6.1 to 9.3) 3.1

Appendix-2 Contact for additional information 3.39

Figure 1 - PCDDs/PCDFs Releases in g TEQ/y in Canada to all Media (1999: projections)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In April 1995, the Federal/Provincial Task Force on Dioxins and Furans was established by the Federal-Provincial Advisory Committee for CEPA (CEPA-FPAC) with a mandate to develop an inventory of sources of releases of dioxins and Furans in Canada and to develop an action plan consistent with the objective of virtual elimination as per the Toxic Substances Management Policy (TSMP). This report addresses the first part of the mandate of the Task Force, the inventory.

The purpose of the inventory report is to assist the Federal-Provincial Advisory Committee for the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA-FPAC) in identifying priority sectors for the development of prevention and or reduction measures regarding the releases of Dioxins and Furans and Hexachlorobenzene consistent with the objective of virtual elimination. Figure -1 summarizes PCDDs/PCDFs releases to the environment. This report covers anthropogenic sources that are releasing PCDDs/PCDFs in a continuous (and or batch) process.

Air releases:

Between 1990 and 1997 an 18% reduction in atmospheric releases was observed. In 1999, it is projected that an additional 25% reduction will be achieved as a result of announced up-grades or closures of industrial facilities for a total reduction of 43% compared to base year 1990. [Expected PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in 1999 (200 g TEQ/y)]. Conclusions/ Recommendations: Through the federal/provincial Harmonization Accord, a number of priority sectors are being identified to develop prevention and or reduction measures consistent with the objective of virtual elimination.

Water releases:

Between 1990 and 1997, a 99% reduction was achieved compared to base year 1990. This is the result of the adoption and implementation of pulp and paper regulations. Releases to effluents from the pulp and paper sector have been reduced to below the " measurable concentration" level as per the regulations, which is in keeping with the objective of virtual elimination. Conclusions/ Recommendations: For this sector, for release to water no additional work is recommended.

Releases to Soil

Direct PCDDs/PCDFs releases to soil are expected as a result of the use of pesticides and of sewage sludge.

The Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) is currently quantifying the releases resulting from the use of pesticides.

Sewage sludge has been identified as a source of PCDDs/PCDFs, the release to soil has not been yet quantified. Studies carried out indicate that this might be a concern.

In-service treated wood (utility poles and railroad ties).

Amounts in Products

Reported amounts of PCDDs/PCDFs in products that may lead to releases to soil are from the ash resulting from the combustion of salt laden wood in B.C. and the disposal of treated wood. The total amounts are not expected to have changed between 1990 and 1999. Two Working Groups are identifying prevention and or reduction options. Conclusions/ Recommendations: The working groups recommendations will be submitted to FPAC as soon as they are completed.

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

Major recommendations of the Task Force on Dioxins and Furans that address 85% of the total releases are listed below. These recommendations will be carried out as a first step towards reaching Virtual Elimination. For a complete set of recommendations, please refer to sections 6 to 9.

1 Municipal Incineration

Since dioxins and furans are designated as Track 1 pollutants targeted for virtual elimination and municipal incineration of solid waste is currently the largest emitting sector in Canada for these compounds, according to the estimates and test results summarized in this report, the Task Force recommends to the CWS Development Committee that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs from existing facilities and that feasible targets and timelines be established for revised requirements applicable to new municipal incinerators.

2 Residential Wood Combustion

This sector is estimated to discharge 12% of the total PCDDs/PCDFs released in Canada, thus the Task Force recommends to the CWS Development Committee that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs from existing residential woodstoves and that feasible targets and timelines be established applicable to new residential wood combustion equipment.

3 Iron Manufacturing - Sintering Plants

The Task Force recommends that the actual emissions from this source be confirmed.
If the actual emissions are of concern, the Task Force recommends that options to reduce releases from this source should be pursued, and suitable targets and timelines established taking into account the circumstances of this unique situation.

The Task Force notes that since the preparation of this inventory, the Algoma Steel Wawa sintering plant has ceased operating.

4 Pulp and Paper: Salt Laden Wood Boilers

Since there is currently an industry / government working group studying this source, the Task Force recommends that:

ENGOs be invited to participate in the deliberations of the Working Group, and

BC Environment and EC to continue their participation with the Working group to establish Targets and Timelines for the prevention/reduction of releases of PCDDs/PCDFs consistent with the objective of virtual elimination.

5 Steel Manufacturing: Electric Arc Furnaces

Since there is no North American stack testing data for these sources, the Task Force recommends that Canadian operations should be requested to perform representative source testing for PCDDs/PCDFs consistent with that noted in recommendation S.7.6 of the Stakeholder Consultation (Strategic Options) Report for the Steel Manufacturing Sector.
The Task Force recommends that Stakeholder (SOP) group working on implementation of the 1997 consultation recommendations related to dioxins and furans be integrated with the CWS process.

The Task Force also recommends that the CWS Development Committee and/or the existing SOP working group should evaluate the results of such testing when it is performed and that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs from existing facilities and feasible targets and timelines should be established applicable to new electric arc furnaces.

6 Fuel Combustion - Diesel (Traffic)

The Task Force recommends to the CWS Development Committee that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs from existing diesel engines in vehicles and that feasible targets and timelines be established applicable to new diesel vehicle engines.

7 Sewage Sludge

Since:

a significant percentage of the sludge is used on agricultural land,

the concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs may be of concern, and

the main route of exposure to these substance is the food chain;

The Task Force recommends to the CWS Development committee that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced releases of PCDDs/PCDFs from applications and feasible targets and timelines should be established applicable to future use.

Figure 2 - Expected PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in 1999

(200 g TEQ/y)

Figure 3 - PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in 1997 (290 g TEQ/y)

Figure 4 - Expected PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in 1999 (200 g TEQ/y)

Figure - 5 Atmospheric releases of PCDDs/PCDFs in g TEQ/y

Province/Territory

1990

1997

1999

Newfoundland

76

76

76

Ontario

70

68

49

Quebec

105

88

26

British Columbia

26

23

15

Alberta

11

13

11

Nova Scotia

46

6

6

Saskatchewan

4

4

4

New Brunswick

3

3

3

Manitoba

4

2

2

Prince Edouard Island

1

1

1

Yukon

1

1

1

Northwest Territories

0

0

0

Total

353

290

200

Figure - 6 PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in Newfoundland for 1997

PCDDs/PCDFs in g TEQ/y

1997

1999

Newfoundland

76

76

Canada

290

200

Figure - 7 PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in Ontario for 1997

PCDDs/PCDFs in g TEQ/y

1997

1999

Ontario

69

50

Canada

290

200

Figure - 8 PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in Quebec for 1997

PCDDs/PCDFs in g TEQ/y

1997

1999

Quebec

88

26

Canada

290

200

Figure - 9 PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in British Columbia for 1997

PCDDs/PCDFs in g TEQ/y

1997

1999

British Columbia

23

15

Canada

290

200

Figure - 10 PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in Alberta for 1997

PCDDs/PCDFs in g TEQ/y

1997

1999

Alberta

13

11

Canada

290

200

PREAMBLE

This inventory is a compilation of data supplied voluntarily to the Federal/Provincial Task Force on Dioxins and Furans by various industrial sectors, and by federal, provincial and municipal agencies. It was realized during the compilation that the information on dioxins/furans and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is limited. For some sectors that are required to report their releases, such as the pulp and paper sector, the cement industry and some incinerators covered by CCME guidelines, the information available is adequate and reliable. For some other sectors, where actual test data were unavailable, emission factors were used to estimate releases.

At this stage the inventory represents an initial compilation of data. It does not represent an exhaustive or complete compilation of Canadian data relating to dioxins/furans and HCB releases. However, it includes best information available at this time and has been validated by the stakeholders during a public comment period.

Comments received during the comment period from different organizations such as the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada (PAPRICAN), the Portland Cement Association, the Canadian Institute of Treated Wood, the Canadian Chlorine Coordinating Committee and from Greenpeace have been taken into consideration in this final version of the report.

The Inventory has been finalized and is being submitted to CEPA-FPAC. The Inventory will serve as the basis for identifying sectors for controlling releases of dioxins and furans with a view to virtual elimination. With the finalization of the Release Inventory, it is an appropriate point in the process to allow a smooth transition from CEPA-FPAC to the Canada-Wide Standards development process of the Canadian Council of the Ministers of the Environment (CCME). Therefore, it is proposed that the recommendations contained in the Dioxins and Furans Inventory Report be referred to the CCME Development Committee for consideration in developing CWS for dioxins and furans. Those recommendations in the Inventory Report which the CWS Development Committee does not address can be handled either by individual jurisdictions or through CEPA FPAC.

The Release Inventory would serve as the basis for establishing multistakeholder Working Groups on issues of national or regional concern. The Working Groups would report directly to the CWS Development Committee and would undertake the necessary studies and socio-economic analyses to develop a recommended approach and timeline for achieving virtual elimination of dioxins and furans for the specified priority sector.

When other information become available that would change the current picture of contribution to the total releases and identified priority sectors, the report will be amended and additional recommendations will be made as appropriate to the CWS Development Committee.

1. INTRODUCTION

In 1990, Environment Canada and Health Canada concluded that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans may enter the environment in quantities which have immediate and long-term harmful effects on the environment and which constitute a danger in Canada to human health. These substances are therefore considered "toxic" as defined under Sections 11( a ) and

11( c ) of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act.

1989 - 1996 CCME adopted the following Codes / Guidelines:

Code of Practice for Used Oil Management (1989)

Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Guidelines (1989)

Guidelines for PCB Waste Management (1989)

Guidelines for Chemical PCB Treatment (1990)

Guidelines for PCB Destruction (Incineration) (1990)

Hazardous Waste Incinerator Guidelines (1992)

Biomedical Waste Guidelines (1992)

National Guidelines for the use of Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Wastes as Supplementary Fuels in Cement Kilns (1996)

In 1992, Environment Canada adopted:

the Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans Regulations, which prohibited the release of measurable concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD or 2,3,7,8-TCDF.

The Pulp and Paper Mill Defoamer and Wood Chip Regulations, which:

prohibit the use of defoamer containing more than 40 ppb of dibenzofurans or 10 ppb of dibenzo-para-dioxin, and

the use of wood chips that have been treated with polychlorinated phenols.

In 1994, Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was found that it may enter the environment in quantities which have immediate and long-term harmful effects on the environment and which constitute a danger in Canada to human health. HCB is therefore considered "toxic" as defined under Sections 11( a ) and 11( c ) of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act.

In 1995, the Federal Government adopted the Toxic Substances Management Policy (TSMP). The policy has two key management objectives:

virtual elimination from the environment of toxic substances that result predominantly from human activity, and that are persistent and bioaccumulative (Track 1 substances); and

management of other toxic substances and substances of concern, throughout their entire life cycles, to prevent or minimize their release into the environment (Track 2 substances).

In 1995, the Federal/Provincial Task Force on Dioxins and Furans was established in April by the Federal-Provincial Advisory Committee for CEPA (CEPA-FPAC) with a mandate to develop an inventory of sources of releases of dioxins and Furans in Canada and to develop an action plan consistent with the objective of virtual elimination as per the Toxic Substances Management Policy (TSMP) . This report addresses the first part of the mandate of the Task Force, the inventory.

In 1997, Environment Canada indicated its intention to manage PCDDs/PCDFs and Hexachlorobenzene as Track 1 substances and published the Scientific Justification for PCDDs/PCDFs - Candidate Substances for Management under Track 1 and the Scientific Justification for Hexachlorobenzene - Candidate Substances for Management under Track 1 of the Toxic Substances Management Policy. PCDDS/PCDFS & HCB are persistent and bioaccumulative toxic substances predominantly resulting from human activities. In 1998, after public consultation, Environment Canada confirmed the status of 12 of the 13 substances as Track 1 substances. Since HCB is released in many instances from the same sources that are releasing dioxins and furans, the Task Force accepted to add HCB to its mandate. HCB release information has been provided in this report where available, additional work may still be required to complete the inventory.

In 1997, Environment Canada and the Task Force held a one day meeting to discuss with stakeholders the best way to develop the inventory of releases of dioxins and furans in Canada and tabled a proposed Timeline for the activities of the Task Force.

At the Workshop, available information on sources and releases of PCDDs/PCDFs were provided to the participants. As a result of discussions and deliberations, it was decided that:

this information needs to be refined,

the sources are better placed to provide the information,

the release information will be based on test results, where available, or on emissions factors or estimates when test results are not available.

the inventory information need to be on a plant by plant basis, and

the information be made available to stakeholders.

In 1997, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) designated dioxins and furans as candidates for the development of Canada Wide Standards.

In 1998, Environment Canada and the provinces endorsed the Harmonization Accord with its sub-agreements on Canada-Wide Standards, Environmental Assessment and Inspection. PCDDs/PCDFs are one of the six substances that were on the list of candidate substances for which the CCME will develop Canada-Wide Standards

In January 1998, the CCME endorsed the Policy for the Management of Toxic Substances (PMTS). The policy provides for a cooperative approach and a multilateral process for identifying, assessing, screening and managing Track 1 and Track 2 substances.

2. PCDDs/PCDFS INVENTORY SUMMARY

As a result of the Inventory Workshop, letters were sent to the sectors identified to request release information, in other cases release information was calculated by Environment Canada staff or obtained from the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA). The information has been updated and is summarized on Table 4.1

The results of the survey for PCDDs/PCDFs releases from the different sectors (based on stack test results or calculation based on emission factors) are summarized in Table-2, Table-4 and Table-4.1. In each of the sectoral tables, for each entry, it is indicated whether the release number is based on stack test or calculations. Release information for specific sectors is discussed in Sections 6, 7 & 8.

The sectors in Table 2 are listed in descending order as of current situation. However, changes in emissions at individual sources are expected (eg. upgrade of control equipment at Levis, Quebec municipal incinerator and plant shut-down at Algoma Steel in Wawa, Ontario). These changes will impact on the sectoral total release and its order on the priority list (please refer to Table 4.1). Release information on other sources have not been included such as:

PVC fires, since information is not available for all the fires. PCDDs/PCDFs released from a recent fire in Ontario, have been estimated to amount to 13 g TEQ;

Pesticides use. PCDDs/PCDFs are released to all media due to the use of pesticides. The Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Health Canada is still compiling the numbers;

Sewage sludge. The use of sewage sludge on agriculture land has been identified as a source of PCDDs/PCDFs. This source has not yet been quantified.

3. HCB INVENTORY SUMMARY

The Canadian Chlorine Coordinating Committee (C4) provided Environment Canada with calculation and estimation of HCB releases during the time provided for public comment on the "Scientific Justification for Management under Track 1". C4 indicates that the numbers appearing in the Assessment Report for HCB were for 1990. The numbers provided by C4 are more recent, in addition, the numbers shown for pesticide use and solvent use are maximum values and the averages for these two sources are expected to be considerably less. Release figures for other sources are based on factors that have been derived from limited data and applied to Canada…. Obviously, a more complete and documented inventory of HCB emissions based on specific Canadian practices will be required prior to any further management of HCB emissions (taken from the C4 submission: C4 estimates are based on a review of public information).

Table - 3 lists the information on HCB releases provided by C4, those that were provided or calculated for the purpose of this current Inventory and those listed in the HCB Assessment Report. It is clear that the information is scarce, but there is a consistency regarding some sectors that are releasing HCB. Incineration in general is also identified as a contributor to the HCB release in Canada and finally the Assessment Report indicates that Long Range Transport is also a contributor to the total HCB picture in Canada.

4. PCDDs/PCDFS - PRIORITY SECTORS

Table 4.1 indicates the percent contribution of the sector to the total release and the cumulative percentage for PCDDs/PCDFs. This Table will help identify the Priority Sectors for action, for which working groups will be formed to develop recommendations regarding the targets and timelines for prevention or reduction measures for PCDDs/PCDFs releases consistent with the Policy for the Management of Toxic Substances (PMTS) adopted by CCME Ministers on February 2, 1998. Canada Wide Standards will then be developed for the Priority Sectors based on the Working Groups recommendations.

5. HCB PRIORITY SECTORS

When the sectors that are identified as a priority sectors for PCDDs/PCDFs will develop prevention or reduction measures for PCDDs/PCDFs, these measures will have the same effect on the HCB releases. In addition, Canada’s participation in the UN ECE POPs Protocol will result in reducing the contribution of these chemicals resulting from Long Range Transport of Air Pollutants (LRTAP) to Canada.

Table - 1 Summary of PCDDS/PCDFs and HCB Releases to All Media

PCDDs/PCDFs Summary ( g TEQ/y)

1990

1997

1999

Air releases

353

290

199

Effluents

454

5

5

To Soil (not complete)

173

173

173

Total Releases

In Products

226

226

226

HCB Summary ( kg/y)

Air releases

71

55

55

Effluents

1

0

0

To Soil (not complete)

2

2

2

Total Releases

74

57

57

In Products

2

2

2

Table 2 - PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases in Canada in 1999*

Sector TEQ in g/y Initiative Comment

1990 1997 1999*

Municipal Waste Incineration 204 152 82.2 CCME GL

Wood Combustion (residential) 35.7 35.7 35.7

Iron Manufacturing: Sintering Plants 42.9 42.9 23.5 Shut-down of Algoma, ON (98/6)

Pulp & Paper: Boilers Burning Salt Laden Wood 10.5 10.5 10.5 WG in BC developing reduction options

Steel Man.: Electric Arc Furnaces 9.1 10.2 10.2

Fuel Combustion Diesel (Traffic) 8.7 8.7 8.7

Oil Combustion (residential) 7.0 7.0 7.0

Electric Power Generation 3.4 4.6 4.6

Wood waste combustion (saw mills & P&P mills) 4.4 4.4 4.4

Cement Kilns 2.6 2.8 2.8 CCME GL

Hospital Incinerators 8.3 2.5 2.5 CCME GL

Chemical Production (air releases) 2.2 2.0 0.3

In-service Utility Poles 1.9 1.9 1.9 SOP Wood Preservation

Wood Preserving Plants 1.8 1.8 1.8 SOP Wood Preservation

Hazardous Waste Incinerators 2.1 1.3 0.8 CCME GL 1 plant in Alberta permanently closed in 98

Pulp & Paper: Kraft Liquour Boilers 0.7 0.7 0.7

Federal Incinerators 1.3 0.6 0.6

Steel Foundries EAF 0.4 0.5 0.5

Sewage Sludge Incinerators 0.3 0.3 0.3

Base Metals Smelting 0.1 0.1 0.1

Secondary Lead Smelters 0.1 0.1 0.1

Biomedical Waste Incineration 4.9 0.0 0.0

Petroleum refineries (to follow)

Total 353 290 199

1999* = projections

Table 2 - PCDDs/PCDFs in Effluents in Canada in 1999 (cont.)

Sector TEQ in g/y Initiative Comment

1990 1997 1999*

Pulp & Paper 450.0 4.7 4.7 Regulations total down from 450 g/y

Chemical Production 3.7 0.0 0.0

Sewage Sludge (to follow)

Total 454 5 5

* 1999 = projections

Table 2 - PCDDs/PCDFs to Soil in Canada in 1999 (cont.)

Sector TEQ in g/y Initiative Comment

1990 1997 1999*

Pesticide Use (to follow)

Sewage Sludge (to follow)

In-Service Utility Poles 9 9 9 SOP Wood Preservation developing options

In-Service Railroad Ties 164 164 164 SOP Wood Preservation developing options

Total 173 173 173

Table 2 - PCDDs/PCDFs in Products in Canada in 1999 (cont.)

Sector TEQ in g/y Initiative Comment

1990 1997 1999*

Pulp & Paper: Boilers Burning Salt Laden Wood 137 137 137 WG in BC developing options

Out-of-service (Landfilled) Treated Wood 89 89 89 SOP Wood Preservation developing options

Total 226 226 226

1999* = 1997 details per province not available

Table 3 - HCB Atmospheric Releases as per C4* vs

Inventory Information (kg/y) and Assessment Report

Source C4 Estimates Inventory Assessment

Information Report**

Low Average High

Cement Kilns 23 161 1132

Pesticide Use 83 83 83 410

Sewage Sludge Incineration 7 66 655 0.62

Biomass burning 4 48 637

Municipal Incineration 3 35 318 25.10

Hazardous Waste Incineration 4 26 181 0.02 0

Teepee Burners (municipal waste) 26

Coal Combustion 1 4 14

Biomedical Incineration 0 3 24 0.02

In-service Utility Poles (air) 2.2

In-service railroad Ties (in products) 3.5

Secondary Copper 0 2 4

Iron Sintering 0 1 3

Chlorinated Solvent Use 0.05 0.1

Out-of-Service Treated Wood (soil) 1.1

Chemical Production (air) 0.1

Effluents from Waste Water Treatment 0

Long Range Transport 510

Hazardous Waste Landfills 0

Emissions from Other Industries 0

124 429 3051 59 920

C4 = Canadian Chlorine Coordinating Committee **Average of figures in Assessment Report "0" under Assessment Report = unknown

C4 estimates are based on a review of public information

Figure 11 - ’90 - ’99 Atmospheric Releases of Dioxins and Furans in Canada (g TEQ/y)

[projected changes for 1999 are detailed in Table 4 and sections 6.1 to 8.5, where appropriate]

Table 4 - 1997 - 99 PCDDs/PCDFs Air Releases in Canada, by Sector and by Province ( g TEQ/y)

Proposed Priority Sectors (in bold)

Source Nfld PEI NB NS QU ON MA SA AB BC NWT YK 97 99 Additional Info.

(projections)

Grand Total 76 1 3 6 88 69 2 4 13 23 0 1 290 200

Municipal Incineration 74.5 0.6 - 0.0 63.5 4.4 - - 0.0 7.7 - 0.9 151.7 82.2 section 6.1

Residential Wood Combustion 1.4 0.2 1.6 1.8 16.6 9.2 0.6 0.6 1.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 35.7 35.7 section 6.2

Iron Manufacturing: Sintering Plants - - - - - 42.9 - - - - - - 42.9 23.5 section 6.3

Pulp & Paper: Boilers Burning Salt Laden Wood - - - - - - - - - 10.5 - - 10.5 10.5 section 6.4

Steel Manufacturing: Electric Arc Furnaces - - - 0.2 3.2 4.3 0.6 1.4 0.6 - - - 10.2 10.2 section 6.5

Fuel Combustion Diesel (Traffic) 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.3 2.0 3.1 0.3 0.4 1.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 8.7 8.7 section 6.6

Oil Combustion (residential) 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 7 7 section 6.7

Electric Power Generation 0.0 - 0.4 0.8 - 0.7 0.0 0.9 1.9 - - - 4.6 4.6 section 6.8

Wood waste combustion (saw mills & P&P mills) 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.3 1.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 4.4 4.4 section 6.9

Cement Kilns 0.0 - - 0.0 0.8 0.8 - - 0.8 0.4 - - 2.8 2.8 section 6.10

Hospital Incinerators 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 - 1.1 0.7 0.2 - 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.5 section 6.11

In-service-Utility Poles provincial distribution not available; Stakeholder Recommendations under development (SOP) 1.9 1.9 section 6.12

Chemical Production (air releases) - - - - 0.3 0.0 - - 1.7 - - - 2 0.4 section 6.13

Wood Preserving Plants provincial distribution not available; Stakeholder Recommendations under development (SOP) 1.8 1.8 section 6.15

Hazardous Waste Incinerators - - - - 0.0 0.8 - - 0.5 - - - 1 1 section 6.17

P&P Kraft Liquour Boilers provincial distribution not available 0.7 0.7 section 6.16

Federal Incinerators 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 1 1 section 6.18

Steel Foundries EAF - - - - 0.4 0.1 - - - 0.0 - - 0.5 0.5 section 6.19

Sewage Sludge Incinerators - - - - 0.0 0.2 - 0.0 - - - - 0.3 0.3 section 6.20

Base Metals Smelting - - - - 0.1 - - - - - - - 0.1 0.1 section 6.21

Secondary Lead Smelters - - - - 0.1 0.0 0.0 - - 0.0 - - 0.1 0.1 section 6.22

Biomedical Waste Incineration - - - - 0.0 - - - 0.0 - - - 0 0 section 6.23

Petroleum Refineries information to follow section 6.24

Secondary Aluminum Smelters information not available section 6.25

Table 4 -1997 PCDDs/PCDFs in Effluents in Canada, by Sectors and by Province ( g TEQ/y)-Cont.

Source Nfld PEI NB NS QU ON MA SA AB BC NWT YK Canada Additional Info

Grand Total - - 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.40 - 0.0 0.1 4.0 - - 4.7

Pulp & Paper: Effluents - - 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 - 0.0 0.1 4.0* - - 4.7 section 7.1

Sewage Sludge Effluent to follow section 7.2

Chemical Production (effluents) - - - - 0.0 0.0 - - - - - - 0.0 section 7.3

* The PCDDs/PCDFs releases for the Pulp and Paper sector are based on an inventory of the 1995discharges The high contribution from British Columbia mills is due to the character of the effluents from the coastal mills. These show the presence of higher concentrations of certain homologues. The congener pattern of these are linked to the operations of boilers that burn salty hog, where waste ash is disposed in the effluent treatment plant. Also there are indications of a pattern associated with pulping of chips from wood treated with pentachlorophenol . These activities were not associated with either Inland British Columbia mills or mills elsewhere. The unique circumstances of the coastal mills explains why the British Columbia discharges are greater than the production from these mills would account for.

Table 4 -1997 PCDDs/PCDFs in Soil in Canada, by Sectors and by Province ( g TEQ/y)-Cont.

Proposed Priority Sectors (in bold)

Source Nfld PEI NB NS QU ON MA SA AB BC NWT YK Canada Additional Info

Pesticides Use PMRA

Sewage Sludge

In-Service Utility Poles SOP

Table 4.1 - PCDDs/PCDFs Release Information with Percent Contribution and Cumulative Percent

Facilities

Initiatives

Current

Recommendations to

Source

Tested/

TEQ in g/y

Percent

Cum.

Type

Limit

Conc.

FPAC

Total

1990

1997

1999

1997

1999

1999

ng/m3

ng/m3

re: PRIORITY

RELEASES TO AIR

Municipal Waste Incineration
9/ 93
204 151.7 82.2 52.3 41.3
CCME GL

0.5

priority sector : Establish WG

Large municipal

84.2

66.9

5.1

23.1

2.6

2.6

Small municipal

45.2

9.4

1.7

3.2

0.9

3.4

Teepee

75.4

75.4

75.4

26.0

37.8

41.3

Wood Combustion (residential)
factors

35.7

35.7

35.7

12.3

17.9

59.2

priority sector : Establish WG

Iron Manufacturing: Sintering Plants
1/2

42.9

42.9

23.5

14.8

11.8

71.0

SOP

5.6

one plant in operation, will test this summer - follow-up

Pulp & Paper: Burning Salt Laden Wood
10/11

10.5

10.5

10.5

3.6

5.3

76.2

WG in BC

0.036 - 1.4

priority sector : Track progress of Working Group

Steel Manufacturing: Electric Arc Furnaces
0/13

9.1

10.2

10.2

3.5

5.1

81.4

SOP

0.1 - 0.2

priority sector : Establish WG

Fuel Combustion - Diesel (Traffic)
factors

8.7

8.7

8.7

3.0

4.4

85.7

priority sector : Establish WG

Oil Combustion (residential)
factors

7.0

7.0

7.0

2.4

3.5

89.3

Electric Power Generation
6/29

3.4

4.6

4.6

1.6

2.3

91.6
0.005 -

Wood waste comb. (saw mills/P&P mills)
factors

4.4

4.4

4.4

1.5

2.2

93.8

Cement Kilns
15/28

2.6

2.8

2.8

1.0

1.4

95.2

CCME GL

0.5

0.08 - 0.65

Hospital Incinerators
6/172

8.3

2.5

2.5

0.9

1.3

96.4

CCME GL

0.5

Options for reduction should be investigated

Chemical Production (air releases)
2/6

2.2

2.0

0.4

0.7

0.2

96.6

In Service - Utility Poles
n.a.

1.9

1.9

1.9

0.7

1.0

97.6

SOP

Wood Preserving Plants
0/12

1.8

1.8

1.8

0.6

0.9

98.4

SOP

Hazardous Waste Incinerators [2]
4/4

2.1

1.3

0.8

0.4

0.4

98.8

CCME GL

0.5
0.009 - 47
Options for reduction should be investigated

Pulp & Paper: Kraft Liquour Boilers
42

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.2

0.4

99.2

Federally Owned Incinerators (all types)
0/93

1.3

0.6

0.6

0.2

0.3

99.5

Steel Foundries EAF
0/5

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.3

99.7

Sewage Sludge Incinerators
0.3

0.3

0.3

0.1

0.2

99.9

Base Metals Smelting
1/1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.1

99.9

SOP

Secondary Lead Smelters
0/5

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.1

100.0

Biomedial Waste Incinerators
3/3

4.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

100.0

CCME GL

0.5

Petroleum Refineries to follow

Sub-total

353

290

199

100.0

100.0

RELEASES TO Water

Pulp & Paper
42/42

450

5

5

Wastewater Treatment Systems

Chemical production
8/8

3.7

0

0

Sub-total

454

5

5

RELEASES TO SOIL

Pesticide Use to follow
PMRA is leading this activity

Sewage Sludge to follow
Options for reduction should be investigated

In-service Utility poles
9

9

9

In-service railroad Ties
164

164

164

Sub-total

173

173

173

Releases to Air, Water & Soil

980

468

377

PCDDs/PCDFs in PRODUCTS

Pulp & Paper: ash from salt laden wood
9/10

137

137

137

priority sector : Track progress of Working Group

Out-of-service (landfilled) treated wood
88.5

88.5

88.5

priority sector : Implement Recommendations of SOP

Sub-total

226

226

226

Sectoral Discussion

Comments

Recommendations

6 PCDDs/PCDFs ATMOSPHERIC RELEASES

SECTORAL INVENTORY - 1997

CURRENT LIMITS & CONCENTRATIONS

6.1 Municipal Waste Incineration (151.7 g TEQ/y - 50.8% of total) - Table 6.1

Three sub-categories exist in this category:
6.1.a Large municipal waste incinerators

There are currently 9 operating large municipal waste incinerators in Canada (66.9 g TEQ/year - 23.1% of total). Of these, stack testing for dioxins and furans has been performed on 8 facilities and the remaining facility emissions was estimated. Of the total 66.9 g/y TEQ of dioxin/furan emissions, 61.8 g/yr. TEQ is emitted from one facility in Lévis, Québec. This facility is undergoing renovations to be completed in the fall of 1998 which should reduce the dioxin/furan emissions to 0.08 g TEQ/y. By 1999, the total PCDDs/PCDFs release from this sector is expected to drop to 5.1 g TEQ/y.

HCB. Two of the nine facilities have been tested for emissions of HCB. Analysis of these results revealed a correlation between HCB emissions and PCDD/PCDF of 350:1. This correlation was applied to the remaining 7 large municipal waste incinerators. HCB emissions from large municipal have been estimated to be 23 433 g/yr.
Limits: 0.5 ng/m³ - CCME Guideline
US EPA 0.14 ng/m³

Concentration

0.0057 to 390 ng/m³

6.1.b Small municipal waste incinerators (9.4 g TEQ/y - 3.2% of total). One facility in BC is releasing 4.7 g TEQ/year. All small incinerators in BC are expected to be shut down and replaced by other types of facilities by end of 1998. It is expected that the total release from this sector is reduced to 1.72 g TEQ/year by end of 1998.

Concentration:

Test results were not available for this sector. An average emission factor based upon 2 similar Consumat type incinerators was used (32.8 ng/m³)

6.1.c Teepee Burners.
This category includes approximately 45 low temperature Teepee burners burning municipal solid waste located in Newfoundland (75.4 g TEQ/y - 26.% of total). The estimated release from these burners amounts to 74.5g TEQ/y. The remaining 0.9 g are estimated to be released from approximately 24 Landfill Trench and Burn located in the Yukon.

Concentration: 100 ng/m³

Stack testing for dioxins and furans has not been performed on any of these burners in Canada. An emission factor obtained from a study in Europe (Persson & Bergstrom 1991) was determined to be 116.6 ng/m³, TEQ. For the Canadian scenario, a concentration of 100 ng/m³ TEQ was assumed for estimations from this sector.

Comments received:

none

Recommendations

Since dioxins and furans are designated as Track 1 pollutants targeted for virtual elimination and municipal incineration of solid waste is currently the largest emitting sector in Canada for these compounds, according to the estimates and test results summarized in this report, the Task Force recommends to the CWS Development Committee that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs from existing facilities and that feasible targets and timelines be established for revised requirements applicable to new municipal incinerators.

6.2 Wood Combustion Residential (35.7 g TEQ/year - 12.3% of total) - Table 6.2

This number was derived by Environment Canada staff from the quantity of wood burned in different types of residential heating equipment in Canada, taken from a draft Environment Canada report on "Residential Wood Combustion".
Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations:

Comments received

New calculations are based on EPA estimate of 0.002 mgTEQ/ tonne. Original calculations were based on 0.001 mgTEQ/ tonne.

Recommendations

This sector is estimated to discharge 12% of the total PCDDs/PCDFs released in Canada, thus the Task Force recommends to the CWS Development Committee that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs from existing residential woodstoves and that feasible targets and timelines be established applicable to new residential wood combustion equipment.

6.3 Iron Manufacturing - Sintering Plants (42.9 g TEQ/y - 14.8% of total) - Table 6.3

In Canada, there are currently 2 sintering plants located in Ontario. Algoma Steel in Wawa and Stelco in Hamilton. The sintering plant in Wawa has been tested for PCDDs/PCDFs, the test results were used to calculate PCDDs/PCDFs released from the Stelco plant. By 1999, the total PCDDs/PCDFs release from this sector is expected to be 23.5 g TEQ/y when the Wawa plant is shut down in June 1998 . Limit: n.a.
US EPA n.a.

Concentrations: 5 .6 ng/m³

The tested concentration at the Wawa plant was 5.6 ng/m³, the Stelco release was calculated based on that concentration,

Comments received

The Stelco plant has indicated during the comment period that it will test its facility for PCDDs/PCDFs during the summer of 1998 and that test results will be provided to EC. These results were received on February 2, 1999 and will be considered, and if found to be acceptable will be incorporated in the inventory .

Recommendations

The Task Force recommends that the actual emissions from this source be confirmed.

If the actual emissions are of concern, the Task Force recommends that options to reduce releases from this source should be pursued, and suitable targets and timelines established taking into account the circumstances of this unique situation.

The Task Force notes that since the preparation of this inventory, the Algoma Steel Wawa sintering plant has ceased operating.

6.4 Pulp and Paper: Salt Laden Wood Boilers (10.5 g TEQ/year - 3.6% of total) - Table 6.4

The Canadian Pulp and Paper Association , through its Institute has tested the boilers stacks and provided this information to Environment Canada. A working group has been established in British Columbia since 1996 and includes federal and provincial governments and industry. The industry members are currently identifying options for the prevention and or reduction of dioxins formation from this source. PCDDs/PCDFs are formed due to the fact that the wood used is stored in salty water before combustion. This problem is unique to British Columbia, it is not found at mills on the east coast. Limit: n.a.
US EPA

Concentrations: 0.036 to 1.4 ng/m³

Nine of the 11 facilities were tested. The average concentration is 0.41 ng/m³

Comments received: none

Recommendations

Since there is currently an industry / government working group studying this source, the Task Force recommends that:

ENGOs be invited to participate in the deliberations of the Working Group, and

BC Environment and EC to continue their participation with the Working group to establish Targets and Timelines for the prevention/reduction of releases of PCDDs/PCDFs consistent with the objective of virtual elimination.

6.5 Steel Manufacturing (10.2 g TEQ/year - 3.5% of total) - Table 6.5

In Canada a total of thirteen steel manufacturing plants ( with Electric Arc Furnaces ) are located mainly in Ontario and in Quebec with 4 plants located 1 each in Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia. No North American Electric Arc Furnace has been tested. However, European data suggests that this sector is a significant contributor to the PCDDs/PCDFs total loading. Using the European emission factors, a consulting firm developed the release numbers provided in this report. Limit: n.a.
US EPA n.a.

Germany 0.1 ng/m³

Netherlands 0.1 ng/m³

Concentrations: 0.1 to 0.4 ng/m³

European emission factors were used to calculate this sector’s release. The average concentration is 0.21 ng/m³.

Comments received

The Canadien Association of Steel Producers has reviewed the release numbers developed by the consulting firm before the publication of the draft report and their comments have been included.

Recommendations

Since there is no North American stack testing data for these sources, the Task Force recommends that Canadian operations should be requested to perform representative source testing for PCDDs/PCDFs consistent with that noted in recommendation S.7.6 of the Stakeholder Consultation (Strategic Options) Report for the Steel Manufacturing Sector.

The Task Force recommends that Stakeholder (SOP) group working on implementation of the 1997 consultation recommendations related to dioxins and furans be integrated with the CWS process.

The Task Force also recommends that the CWS Development Committee and/or the existing SOP working group should evaluate the results of such testing when it is performed and that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs from existing facilities and feasible targets and timelines should be established applicable to new electric arc furnaces.

6.6 Fuel Combustion - Traffic (8.7 g TEQ/year - 3.0% of total) - Table 6.6

This number was derived by Environment Canada staff from the number of vehicles-kms traveled by the different types of vehicles in Canada(mobile 5 C) and the US EPA emission factors. It was found that diesel engines are responsible for 8.74 g TEQ/year, while gasoline engines are responsible for 0.1 g TEQ/year.
Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations:

Comments received: none

Recommendations:

The Task Force recommends to the CWS Development Committee that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs from existing diesel engines in vehicles and that feasible targets and timelines be established applicable to new diesel vehicle engines.

6.7 Fuel Combustion Residential/ Commercial (7 g TEQ/year - 2.4% of total) - Table 6.7

This number was derived by Environment Canada staff using EPA emission factors and the quantity of fuel burned in different types of residential heating equipment in Canada (taken from Statistics Canada no. 57-003 199X-IV Quarterly Report on Energy Supply - Demand in Canada) Limit: n.a.
US EPA n.a.

Concentrations:

Comments received: none

Recommendations

6.8 Electric Power Generation (4.6 g TEQ/year - 1.6% of total) - Table 6.8

Individual plants from this sector responded to the inventory survey taking into consideration that even those facilities that have carried a stack test are not confident that the total loading is accurate because in many instances the concentration was at or below the detection limit. Some of the plants that did not carry out stack test have agreed to use the US EPA emission factors, other have preferred to use the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) emission factors. NB Power did not agree with the calculation, hence Environment Canada staff provided release numbers for NB Power facilities.
Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations: 0.005 and 0.03 ng/m³

Six out of 29 facilities were tested.

Comments received: none

Recommendations

none, since the concentration is below the proposed LOQ.

6.9 Waste Wood Combustion - Saw mills & P&P mills (4.4 g TEQ/year - 1.5% of total) - Table 6.9

This number was derived by Environment Canada staff from the quantity of waste wood burned in saw mills and pulp and paper mills, taken from Statistics Canada report # 57-003 199X-IV for 1995 and using the US EPA emission factors. There is no double accounting with the sector shown under 6.4, since that one is typical of coastal mills in B.C. Limit: n.a.
US EPA

Concentrations:

Comments received

The Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada (PAPRICAN) suggested that the current EPA emission factor is 4 times smaller than the factor used in the draft report that has been circulated for comment. This has been verified and corrected and the total release from this sector is now 4.4 g TEQ/y down from 17 g TEQ/y (in the draft report).

Recommendations

6.10 Cement Kilns (2.8 g TEQ/year - 1.0% of total) - Table 6.10

Twenty one cement plants operate currently 28 kilns in Canada. Of these, 8 plants burn alternative fuels, such as tires, waste oil, coal, coke, solvents and bunker oil. Six of the eight have been tested for emissions of dioxins and furans. Of the 28 kilns 15 have been tested, resulting in an emission from this sector of 2.8 g TEQ /yr. Three plants have been monitored for HCB emissions. Limits: 0.1 ng/m³ - CCME Guideline
US EPA 0.14 ng/m³

Concentration: 0.008 to 0.65 ng/m³

Comments received

The Canadian Portland Cement Association (CPCA) has submitted new numbers for PCDDs/PCDFs releases from this sector. These numbers appear in Table 6-10 and are reflected in above text. The draft report showed one plant in Exshaw estimated to release 18 g TEQ/y, this plant has been tested during the summer of 1998 and the results indicate a release of 0.67 g TEQ/y; this accounts for the majority of the difference between the numbers in the draft report and this version.

Recommendations

The Task Force recommends that the CWS Development Committee review the status of implementation for the existing guideline, and the feasibility of developing emission limits for kilns not firing wastes as supplemental fuel.

6.11 Hospital Incinerators (2.5 g TEQ/year - 0.9% of total) - Table 6.11

A survey of all hospital incinerators in 1995 revealed that there are 219 incinerators burning biomedical waste in Canada. Testing for dioxins/furans has been completed at 6 typical Ontario incinerators and the results of these tests extrapolated to all facilities in Canada based on the quantity of material burned. The estimated PCDDs/PCDFs emissions from hospital incinerators in Canada was 8.3 g TEQ /y. in 1995. Since 1995, a number of hospital incinerators has been shut down, thus reducing the total number of hospital incinerators to 160 and the total PCDDs/PCDFs releases to 2.5 g TEQ/y. All Hospital Incinerators in B.C. are expected to shut down by December 1998. This would further reduce the release from this sector.
HCB emissions have been estimated based on the 6 Ontario tests discussed above. When extrapolated across Canada, HCB emissions are estimated to be 7 g/yr.
Limits: 0.5 ng/m³ - CCME Guideline
US EPA 2.3 ng/m³

Concentration: 24.25 ng/m³

An average emission factor was used based upon 6 typical Ontario hospital incinerators to estimate emissions from this sector.

Comments received: none

Recommendations

The Task Force recommends to the CWS Development Committee that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs from existing facilites and that feasible targets and timelines be established for implementation. The status of implementation for the existing guideline should be a starting point for this effort.

6.12 Chemical Production (2.0 g TEQ/year - 0.7% of total) - Table 6.12

The Canadian Chemical Producer’s Association provided Environment Canada with contact coordinates of member companies. These received the survey information request and responded to it. Only those plants that reported PCDDs/PCDFs releases have been included in this report. Refineries have not yet been approached but are currently listed under this category, if it appears that refineries release dioxins they will be listed separately. The information available at this time indicate that the total release of PCDDs/PCDFs amounts to 2.0 g TEQ/y. This amount is expected to be reduced to 0.4 g TEQ/y by end of 1998, due to changes carried out by Dow Canada in its Ft-Saskatchewan plant. These changes are expected to reduce the facility release by 95%. Stack tests are scheduled to verify the new numbers.
Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations::

The concentration at the Dow plant was between 5 and 9 ng/m³.

Comments received

Stack testing has been scheduled for early November 1998 at the Dow facility in Fort Saskatchewan.

Recommendations

The Task Force recommends that the completion of the upgrade at Dow’s Fort Saskatchewan plant be followed up by confirmation of new release data for the facility.

6.13 Utility Poles in Service (1.9 g TEQ/y - 0.7% of total - Table 6.13

A technical Working Group under the auspices of the Strategic Options Process for Wood Preservation has provided information regarding the release of PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB throughout the life cycle of the Wood Preservation sector, to all media. The working group estimated that atmospheric releases from in-service utility poles are from poles treated before 1987 (2.36 g TEQ)/y and only a very small amount generated from poles treated after 1987 (0.05 g TEQ/y) Limit: n.a.
US EPA n.a.

Concentrations:

Comments received

The Canadian Institute of Treated Wood submitted new numbers for this sector that will appear in the appropriate sections. Here, the numbers have been reduced from 2.4 g TEQ/y to 1.9 g TEQ/y (1.89 g from poles treated before 1987 and 0.01 g from poles treated after 1987).

Recommendations

There is a Stakeholder Working Group active under the SOP, examining the life cycle of the wood preservation issue and expected to make recommendations for the management of toxic

substances released from this sector.

The Task Force recommends that Stakeholder (SOP) group activities related to dioxins and furans be integrated with the CWS process, and that recommendations for this sector be considered by the CWS Development Committee for appropriate action, including establishment of targets and timelines for implementation.

6.14 Wood Preservation Plants (1.8 g TEQ/year - 0.6% of total) - Table 6.13

A technical Working Group under the auspices of the Strategic Options Process for Wood Preservation has provided information regarding the release of PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB throughout the life cycle of the Wood Preservation sector, to all media. Twelve plants are operating in Canada, releasing 0.15 g TEQ/y each. Limit: n.a.
US EPA

Concentrations:

Comments received

see section 6.13

Recommendations: see section 6.13 (above)

6.15 Hazardous Waste Incineration (1.3 g TEQ/year - 0.4% of total) - Table 6.15

There are 4 Hazardous Waste Incineration (HWI) facilities (with 5 incinerators) in Canada located in Swan Hills, AB (2); Sarnia, ON (1); Bruce Nuclear Power, ON (1); and Mercier, QU (1). Emissions testing for dioxins/ furans has been performed at all 4 facilities. Limits: 0.5 ng/m³ - CCME Guideline
US EPA 0.14 ng/m³

Concentration: 0.009 to 4.4 ng/m³

HCB emissions have been monitored at 3 of the 5 incinerators located at the Hazardous Waste Incinerator Facilities in Canada. For the fourth incinerator, HCB emission was extrapolated from the 3 reported test values. HCB emissions in Canada from Hazardous Waste Incinerators are therefore estimated at 18.9 g/yr.
The Bruce Nuclear Power plant operates a hazardous waste incinerator that was tested and its concentration was 47 ng/m³

Ontario Hydro Incinerator 47 ng/m³

Comments received

One of the 2 HWI located in Alberta has been closed indefinitely in February 98. This was the one that had a stack concentration of 4.4 ng/m³

Recommendations

The Task Force recommends to the CWS Development Committee that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs from existing facilities and that feasible targets and timelines be established for implementation. The status of implementation for the existing guideline should be a starting point for this effort.

6.16 Kraft Liquour Boilers (0.7 TEQ/y - 0.2% of total) Table 6.16

Kraft Liquour boilers are used by the pulp and paper industry. These installations have been identified as a potential source of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is reported that two have been tested: one by the industry in British Columbia and one by Environment Canada in Quebec. The concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs exiting the stack ranged between 0.004 and 0.008 ng/m³. Using this information and extrapolating over the total sector, it is estimated that Kraft Liquour Boilers in Canada release in total 1.4 g TEQ/y.
Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations: 0.004 and 0.008 ng/m³

Comments received

from PAPRICAN suggested that the emission factors used in the draft report that was circulated for comments were twice as high as the current US EPA factors. Thus the new release numbers from this sector are adjusted to 0.7 g TEQ/y.

Recommendations

none, since the concentration is below the proposed LOQ.

6.17 Federal Incinerators - All Types (0.6 g TEQ/year - 0.2% of total) - Table 6.17

Before 1990 there were 241 federal incinerators in operation in Canada releasing an estimated 1.3g TEQ/y. In 1997, approximately 93 federal incinerators were in operation in Canada releasing an estimated 0.6 g TEQ/y. These incinerators burn municipal or biomedical waste, etc.
Limit: 0.5 ng/m³

US EPA

Concentrations: 24.25 ng/m³

Test results were not available for this sector. An average emission factor was used based upon 6 typical Ontario incinerators to estimate emissions from this sector.

Comments received: none

Recommendations: none

6.18 Steel Foundries Electric Arc Furnaces (0.5 g TEQ/year - 0.2% of total) - Table 6.18

In Canada, six steel foundries operate electric arc furnaces. Using emission factors and estimated production in 1990 and in 1997, a consulting firm calculated the PCDDs/PCDFs released from this sector.
Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations:

Comments received: none

Recommendations: none

6.19 Sewage Sludge Incinerators (0.3 g TEQ/year - 0.1% of total) - Table 6.19

Information available indicate that this sector releases annually 0.3 g TEQ/y. Four Sewage sludge incinerators have been tested. The Canadian Waste Water Association has been approached to confirm and complete the information available to Environment Canada regarding releases to all media from waste water treatment systems
Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations: 0.019 and 0.0929 ng/m³

Comments received: none

Recommendations: none

6.20 Base Metals Smelting (0.1 g TEQ/year) - Table 6.20

One plant falls in this category and is located in Quebec. The result of the testing indicate that the total release is 0.1 g TEQ/year. Limit: n.a.
US EPA

Concentrations:

This plant has been tested and the concentration was found to be below detection.

Comments received: none

Recommendations: none (concentration was found to be below detection)

6.21 Secondary Lead Smelters (0.1 g TEQ/year) - Table 6.21

Five facilities are included in this sector, of which two are considered to be large while the other three are smaller. From information available on the two large installations and using the US EPA emission factors a consulting firm estimated the total release from this sector to be 0.1 g TEQ/year.
Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations:

Comments received: none

Recommendations: none

6.22 Biomedical Incinerators ( 0.01 g TEQ/year) - Table 6.22

Since 1995, two centralized biomedical waste facilities (Beiseker, AB and Gatineau, QC) have been closed and feed for a former municipal incinerator (Wainwright, AB) has been switched to biomedical waste. This reduces the dioxin/furan estimate to approximately 0.01 g/yr. In 1998, both the Alberta incinerators were operating.
HCB emissions have been estimated based on the 6 Ontario tests discussed above. When extrapolated across Canada, HCB emissions are estimated to be 6 g/y from Biomedical Waste.

Limit: 0.5 ng/m³ - CCME Guideline

US EPA 0.4 ng/m³

Concentrations: 0.279 and 57 ng/m³

Comments received: none

Recommendations: none

6.23 Petroleum Refineries [to follow] Table 6.23

The source of PCDDs/PCDFs releases from this sector may be the regeneration of spent catalyst for use in the reforming process. [The literature indicates that this is an insignificant source]. The Canadian Petroleum Products Institute (CPPI) has been contacted and is gathering release information from member companies.

Comments received: none

Recommendations

The Task Force recommends that the CWS Development Committee follow up the issue of PCDDs/PCDFs releases from reforming processes with CPPI to establish if there is a need for additional action.

6.24 Secondary Aluminum Smelters, Table 6.24

The U.S. EPA is carrying out emissions testing for dioxins/furans (and other substances) as background for the development of a NESHAP for secondary aluminum smelters. Preliminary results of that testing indicate that some secondary aluminum smelter processes are potentially significant sources of dioxin/furan emissions (personal communication, Research Triangle Institute). This suggests that there is a need to obtain further information on the two such facilities which are currently operating in Canada, i.e., those located in Mississauga, Ontario and Surrey, British Columbia.

Comments received: none

Recommendations

The Task Force recommends that Canadian operations should be requested to perform representative source testing for PCDDs/PCDFs consistent with that noted above for the Steel Manufacturing: Electric Arc Furnace sector.

The Task Force also recommends that the CWS Development Committee should evaluate the results of such testing when it is performed and that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs from existing facilities and feasible targets and timelines should be established applicable to new secondary aluminum smelters.

7. PCDDs/PCDFs in EFFLUENTS

7.1 Pulp and Paper Effluents (5 g TEQ/year) - Table 7.1

Before the adoption of the Pulp and Paper Regulations in 1992, the PCDDs/PCDFs released from this sector in liquid effluents amounted to approximately 450 g TEQ/year. The last status report for this sector indicates that the total release from the sector is now 5 g TEQ/y. Individual plants monitor their effluent as per the regulations and report the data to the government.
The PCDDs/PCDFs releases for the Pulp and Paper sector are based on an inventory of the 1995 discharges. The high contribution from British Columbia mills is due to the character of the effluents from the coastal mills. These show the presence of higher concentrations of certain homologues. The congener pattern of these are linked to the operations of boilers that burn salty hog, where waste ash is disposed in the effluent treatment plant. Also there are indications of a pattern associated with pulping of chips from wood treated with pentachlorophenol . These activities were not associated with either Inland British Columbia mills or mills elsewhere. The unique circumstances of the coastal mills explains why the British Columbia discharges are greater than the production from these mills would account for.

Limit: for 2,3,7,8-TCDD < 15 pg/L

for 2,3,7,8-TCDF < 50 pg/L

US EPA

Concentrations:

All the plants’ effluents were found to be 100% of the time below the prescribed limit during 1997

Comments received: none

Recommendations: none

7.2 Waste Water Treatment Systems [to follow]

Comments received

Recommendations

7.3 Chemical Production (0 g TEQ/y) - Table 7.3

A number of plants submitted information on releases in liquid effluents from this sector. The total for 1990 was 3.7 g TEQ/y. In 1997, the majority of these plants have shut-down the operation that released PCDDs/PCDFs to liquid effluents, resulting in a total release into effluents of 0.01 g TEQ/y
Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations:

Comments received: none

Recommendations: none

8. PCDDs/PCDFs RELEASED TO SOIL

This section covers quantities of PCDDs/PCDFs estimated/calculated to be present in pesticides or sludge used on the soil and from in-service treated utility poles and railroad ties (the quantity released to soil through leaching will be continuous but minimal on an individual basis); in this case the majority of the PCDDs/PCDFs contained in these substances are expected to be released to the soil.

8.A.1 Pesticide Use - Table 8.1

The Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) has assumed responsibility for determining releases to the environment of Track 1 substances that may result from the use of pest control products. The following Track 1 substances may occur as microcontaminants in certain pest control products: polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (2,3,7,8 and higher), hexachlorobenzene and DDT. PMRA is currently involved in two types of activities relative to this
commitment: (i) identifying products that may contain

Track 1 contaminants and obtaining confirmation of their contaminant levels, and (ii) working towards the development of a national pesticide database. Together, these activities will provide the information needed to generate estimates of releases of Track 1 microcontaminants as a result of pesticide use in Canada. This is a work in progress, and PMRA will update EC on developments periodically.

Limit:

US EPA

Concentrations:

Comments received: none

Recommendations

The Task Force notes that the Pesticides Management Regulatory Authority has been charged with action in this area.

8.2 Sewage Sludge ( g TEQ/y) - Table 8.2

The sludge produced from Wastewater treatment systems in Canada contains PCDDs/PCDFs in concentrations xx pg/g sludge. Information for this sector is currently being sought from the Canadian Water and Wastewater Association (CWWA).
Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations:

Comments received: none

(Literature and reports published on this subject indicate that the use of sewage sludge on agriculture land may be a cause of concern.)

Recommendations

Since:

a significant percentage of the sludge is used on agricultural land,

the concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs may be of concern, and

the main route of exposure to these substance is the food chain;

The Task Force recommends to the CWS Development committee that options should be investigated which might lead to reduced releases of PCDDs/PCDFs from applications and feasible targets and timelines should be established applicable to future use.

8.3 In service - Utility Poles and railroad ties (9 & 164.4 g TEQ/a) - Table 8.3 or 6.13

A technical Working Group under the auspices of the Strategic Options Process for Wood Preservation has provided information regarding the release of PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB throughout the life cycle of the Wood Preservation sector, to all media.
Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations:

Comments received

The Canadian Institute of Treated Wood (CITW) provided new numbers for this section. Previous estimations were 226 g and 204 g TEQ/y, new information indicates that correct estimates are 9 and 164.4 g TEQ/y respectively for releases to soil from utility poles and railroad ties.

Recommendations

(refer to section 6.13)

PCDDs/PCDFs IN PRODUCTS

This section covers quantities of PCDDs/PCDFs estimated/calculated to be present:

present in certain products such as out-of-service treated wood and in ash resulting from combustion of wood and other substances. In both these cases the total quantity of PCDDs/PCDFs in these substances does not go into soil in a yearly basis. If the ash is disposed of in a secured landfill, the quantity of PCDDs/PCDFs going to the soil will be very minimal.

9.1 Pulp and Paper- Boilers Burning Salt Laden Wood (137 g TEQ/y) - Table 9.1

The P&P industry in British Columbia has measured the quantities and concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs in the ash produced by these boilers. The concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs in TEQ in the ash varied between 0.009 and 3.7 ng/g ash. The ash is disposed of in 2 cases in ash ponds and in 8 cases in a landfill. A Working Group in BC is looking at options to prevent or reduce the releases of PCDDs/PCDFs from this source.
PCDDs/PCDFs are formed due to the fact that the wood used is stored in the salty water before combustion. This problem is unique to British Columbia, it is not found at mills on the east coast.

Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations:

Comments received: none

Recommendations

(please refer to recommendation 6.4)

9.2 Out of service - Utility Poles and railroad ties - (88.5 TEQ/year) - Table 9.2

A technical Working Group under the auspices of the Strategic Options Process for Wood Preservation has provided information regarding the release of PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB throughout the life cycle of the Wood Preservation sector, to all media.
Limit: n.a.

US EPA

Concentrations:

Comments received

CITW provided new numbers for this section. Previous estimations were 110 g TEQ/y, new information indicates that correct estimates are 88.5 g TEQ/y present in wood landfilled each year, it would be inappropriate to characterize that estimate as a release to soil.

Recommendations

(Please refer to recommendation 9.1)

Appendix - 1

Plant by plant Releases to Air, Water & Soil

Table 6.1 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Municipal Incineration

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y Hexachlorobenzene g/y

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/F 1990 1997 conc. T/F Comment

Alberta

Wainwright Regional Incinerator Wainwright 0.007 burning biomedical waste now

Authority

Sum: Alberta 0.01

British Columbia

Cowichan Valley Regional District Duncan 4.720 4.720 F 16 16 to close end of 1998

District of Tumbler Ridge Tumbler Ridge 1.010 F 4 currently closed

GVRD Burnaby Incinerator Burnaby 0.027 0.027 0.020 T 10 10

Ladysmith Ladysmith 1.630 1.630 F 6 6 to close end of 1998

Lake Cowichan Lake Cowichan 1.320 1.320 F 5 5 to close end of 1998

Sum: British Columbia 8.71 7.70 40 36

Newfoundland

Low temp. Teepee Burners 74.500 74.500 F 26078 26078 0.000 approximate number of facilities

Sum: Newfoundland 74.50 74.50 26078 26078

Nova Scotia

Annapolis City & Crisp Road Annapolis County 5.150 F 1802

Annapolis City & Graywood Annapolis County 7.320 F 2562

County of Cape Breton MSW Sydney 5.300 0.014 0.037 T 1855 5 test in 95

Incinerator

Cumberland City Spencers Island 0.140 F 49

Lunenburg 1 Whynotts Settlement 7.030 F 2460

Lunenburg 2 Whynotts Settlement 13.200 F 4606

T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.1 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Municipal Incineration (Cont.)

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y Hexachlorobenzene g/y

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/F 1990 1997 conc. T/F Comment

Mun. District of St-Mary's Guysborough 0.940 F 329

County

Shelburne West Green Harbour 1.030 F 360

Sum: Nova Scotia 40.11 0.01 14023 5

Ontario

3M Canada Ltd. London 0.003 0.000 0.000 0 0 0.000 closed in 1993

General Motors (GM) Canada Oshawa 0.012 0.012 F 4 4

EFW Facility

Hamilton-Wentworth Solid Waste Hamilton 4.000 4.000 T 1426 1426 T test in 97

Reduction Unit (SWARU)

Peel Resource Recovery Inc. Brampton 0.290 0.216 T

EFW Facility

Victoria Hospital Corp. EFW London 0.090 0.090 T 32 32 T

Facility

Sum: Ontario 4.10 4.39 1462 1462

Prince Edouard Island

PEI EFW Facility Parkdale 0.620 0.620 3.320 T 217 217 F

Sum: Prince Edouard Island 0.62 0.62 217 217

Quebec

Montreal Urban Community EFW Montreal 12.000 0.000 T 4200 0 0.000 F closed in 93

Facility

MRC des Iles de la Madeleine Iles de la Madeleine 1.720 1.720 F 6 6

Quebec Urban Community EFW Quebec City 0.024 0.024 0.024 T 8 8 F

Facility

Regie itermun. de gestion des Levis 61.800 61.800 390.000 T 21630 21630 F fall 98: TEQ=0.08 g/y under upgrade

dechets

Sum: Quebec 75.54 63.54 25844 21644

Table 6.1 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Municipal Incineration (Cont.)

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y Hexachlorobenzene g/y

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/F 1990 1997 conc. T/F Comment

Yukon

Landfill Trench and Burn ~ 24 facilities 0.940 0.940 F 329 329

Sum: Yukon 0.94 0.94 329 329

Canada Total: Municipal Incineration 204.5 151.7 67993 49771

T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.2 - PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases from Residential Wood Combustion

tonnes/y

NFLD

PEI

NS

NB

QC

ON

MA

SK

AB

BC

Yk

NW

Wood Burning Fireplaces (Any)
163,471

24,795

204,400

185,332

1,817,265

1,005,094

69,863

57,423

117,790

261,436

8903.151

19393.14

Conventional Fireplaces (Any)

Without Glass Doors
83,552

12,397

107,486

85,350

587,807

400,383

33,026

22,126

59,660

134,657

3773.8

8220.215

With Glass Doors (Not Air Tight)
58,123

8,063

59,910

65,842

567,615

376,194

26,675

19,492

40,538

68,641

2983.986

6499.818

With Air-Tight Glass Doors
14,531

2,318

19,383

17,070

385,888

99,937

4,446

10,009

8,923

24,006

1058.261

2305.14

Fireplaces With an Insert

Conventional

Not Air-Tight
3,633

907

7,048

7,316

76,280

50,287

3,811

3,161

2,040

14,253

399.3439

869.8641

Air-Tight Non-Advanced Technology
0

706

7,048

7,316

60,576

45,831

1,270

527

1,785

12,378

330.568

720.0541

Advanced Technology

Non-Catalytic
0

0

0

0

17,948

7,002

0

0

255

3,001

62.12016

135.3122

Catalytic
3,633

101

0

0

13,461

5,729

0

527

255

750

44.37155

96.65156

Advanced Technology Fireplaces

Non-Catalytic
0

202

3,524

0

69,550

14,004

0

1,580

3,314

1,875

168.6119

367.2759

Catalytic
0

101

0

2,439

38,140

5,729

635

0

1,020

1,875

82.08736

178.8054

Wood Burning Stoves (Any)
410,884

62,322

513,760

465,832

4,567,698

2,526,305

175,602

144,332

296,064

657,121

6129.929

13352.41

Conventional Stoves (Any)

Not Air Tight
174,744

20,154

148,720

141,475

1,432,445

801,673

68,175

55,276

123,163

215,224

1996.72

4349.32

Air-Tight Non-Advanced Technology
207,803

38,912

341,380

300,203

2,480,692

1,523,474

78,504

73,701

130,268

384,656

3492.041

7606.478

Advanced Technology Fireplaces

Non-Catalytic
14,168

1,705

13,520

10,352

341,510

85,788

12,395

9,213

21,317

34,344

321.6937

700.7238

Catalytic
14,168

1,550

10,140

13,802

313,051

115,370

16,527

6,142

21,317

22,896

319.4751

695.8913

Wood Burning Furnaces (Any)
164,101

24,891

205,189

186,047

1,824,275

1,008,971

70,133

57,644

118,244

262,445

1242.403

2706.244

Other Wood Burning Equipment
9,152

1,388

11,444

10,376

101,741

56,271

3,911

3,215

6,595

14,637

199.672

434.932

Total

747,608

113,396

934,793

847,586

8,310,980

4,596,641

319,509

262,613

538,693

1,195,639

16,475

35,887

mg TEQ/y

Wood Burning Fireplaces (Any)

Conventional Fireplaces -Without Glass Doors
168

24

214

170

1176

800

66

44

120

270

8

16

Conventional Fireplaces -With Glass Doors
116

16

120

132

1136

752

54

38

82

138

6

12

Conventional Fireplaces With Air-Tight Doors
30

4

38

34

772

200

8

20

18

48

2

2

Fireplaces With an Insert

Conventional

Not Air-Tight
8

2

14

14

152

100

8

6

4

28

0

2

Air-Tight Non-Advanced Technology
0

2

14

14

122

92

2

2

4

24

0

2

Advanced Technology

Non-Catalytic
0

0

0

0

36

14

0

0

0

6

0

0

Catalytic
8

0

0

0

26

12

0

2

0

2

0

0

Advanced Technology - Non-Catalytic
0

0

8

0

140

28

0

4

6

4

0

0

Advanced Technology - Catalytic
0

0

0

4

76

12

2

0

2

4

0

0

Conventional Stoves Not Air Tight
350

40

298

282

2864

1604

76

110

246

430

4

8

Conventional Stoves Air-Tight Non-Adv. Tech
416

78

682

600

4962

3046

158

148

260

770

6

16

Advanced Technology Non-Catalytic
28

4

28

20

684

172

24

18

42

68

0

2

Advanced Technology Catalytic
28

4

20

28

626

230

34

12

42

46

0

2

Wood Burning Furnaces (Any)
328

50

410

372

3648

2,018

140

116

236

524

2

6

Other Wood Burning Equipment
18

2

22

20

204

112

8

6

14

30

0

0

PCDD/F Emissions [g TEQ]
1.4

0.2

1.8

1.6

16.6

9.2

0.6

0.5

1.

2.4

0.02

0.04

Calculation based on EPA estimate of 0.002 mg/tonne TEQ

TOTAL

35.7

g TEQ/y

Table 6.3 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Sintering Plants

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y HCB g/y

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/ F 1990 1997 conc. Comment Control

ng/m3 ng/m3

Ontario

Algoma Steel Wawa 19.400 19.400 5.6 T Plant closed 98/6

Stelco Hamilton 23.500 23.500 F

Sum for: Ontario 42.90 42.90

Canada Total: Sintering Plants 42.9 42.9

By fall of 1998, it is expected that the total PCDDs/PCDFs released in Canada from this sector equals 23.5 g TEQ/y

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.4 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Boilers Burning Salt Laden Wood (P& P)

PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y Hexachlorobenzene g/y

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/F 1990 1997 conc. T/F Comment Control

ng/m³

British Columbia

Avenor Gold River 0.4 0.4 0.253 T Multiclones, wet scrubber

Eurocan Kitimat 0.0 0.0 F Multiclones

FCCL Crofton 2.6 2.6 0.800 T ESP

FCCL Elk Falls 3.9 3.9 1.400 T Multiclone, wet scrubber

Harmac Pacific 0.4 0.4 0.130 T ESP

Howe Sound P&P Howe Sound 0.6 0.6 0.210 T New boiler with ESP

M&B Port Alberni 0.1 0.1 0.036 T ESP

M&B Powell River 1.8 1.8 0.500 T ESP + Hog dryer Cyclones

Skeena Cellulose Prince Rupert 0.2 0.2 T Multiclones

Western Pulp Pt. Alice 0.3 0.3 0.144 T Multiclones with cyclone on hog dryer

Western Pulp Squamish 0.2 0.2 0.188 T New ESP

Sum British Columbia 10.5 10.5

Canada Total: Atmospheric Releases 10.5 10.5

from Boilers Burning Salt Laden Wood

An Industry/government Working Group is looking at this sector to develop options for prevention/reduction of PCDDs/PCDFs releases. PCDDs/PCDFs are formed due to the fact that the wood used is stored in the salty water before combustion. This problem is unique to British Columbia, it is not found at mills on the east coast.

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.5 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB from Steel Manufacturing (Electric Arc Furnaces)

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y TEQ HCB g/y Env.

Facility Name City 1990 1997 Conc. T/ F 1990 1997 Conc. (A,W,S) Comment Control

Alberta

AtlaSteel Ltd. Edmonton 0.35 0.60 0.25 F A

Western Steel Ltd. Calgary 0.29 0.00 0.4 F A closed

Sum for: Alberta 0.64 0.60

Manitoba

Gerdau MRM Selkirk 0.54 0.62 0.25 F A

Sum for: Manitoba 0.54 0.62

Nova Scotia

Sydney Steel Sydney 0.50 0.2 0.1 F A

Corporation

Sum for: Nova Scotia 0.50 0.2

Ontario

Atlas Specialty Steels Welland 0.30 0.16 0.15 F A

Co-Steel Inc. (LASCO) Whitby 1.62 0.70 0.10 F A

Dofasco Inc. Hamilton 0.00 1.20 0.15 F A

Gerdau Courtice Steels Cambridge 0.50 0.54 0.25 F A

Ivaco Inc. L'Orignal 0.78 0.88 0.25 F A

Slater Industries Burlington 0.62 0.74 0.25 F A

Sum for: Ontario 3.87 4.25

Québec

Atlas Stainless Steel Tracy 0.14 0.16 0.15 F A

Sidbec-Dosco Contrecoeur 1.62 1.95 0.15 F A

Stelco-Master Ltee. Contrecoeur 0.78 1.08 0.25 F A

Sum for: Québec 2.54 3.19

Saskatchewan

IPSCO Inc. Regina 1.01 1.41 0.15 F A

Sum for: Saskatchewan 1.01 1.41

Canada Total: Steel Manufacturing 9.05 10.24

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.6 - PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases from Fuel Combustion - Traffic

Unleaded
0.36
pg TEQ/VkmT
3.60E-13
g TEQ/VKmT

Leaded 1.1 to 108 pg TEQ/VkmT
4.60E-11
g TEQ/VKmT

Diesel
0.5
ng TEQ/VkmT
5.00E-10
g TEQ/VKmT
172
LDDV 0.04 to .5 ng TEQ/VkmT
2.50E-10

HDDV 0.72 to 9.5
5.1E-09

Années

Provinces and regions / Fuel

LDGV

LDGT

HDGV

LDDV

LDDT

HDDV

MC

TAXI

Unités # # # # # # # #

Newfoundland
2,716,630,949

1,488,432,102

37,711,670

9,964,047

53,072,075

600,927,168

27,878,741

65,199,143

Prince Edward Island
1,085,898,434

412,931,431

10,066,427

7,722,136

14,720,721

160,324,544

4,761,433

17,374,375

Nova Scotia
5,489,160,202

2,388,432,228

66,431,370

67,888,373

85,192,947

1,058,500,372

42,123,620

131,739,845

New Brunswick
6,136,761,728

2,107,944,611

57,748,306

57,179,603

75,182,915

919,433,095

27,878,741

147,282,281

Quebec
55,594,439,606

10,602,174,844

302,956,592

778,060,565

378,200,982

6,699,913,406

192,065,123

1,779,022,067

Ontario
78,952,428,637

23,959,025,656

543,285,592

666,328,329

854,633,514

10,755,658,442

355,885,458

4,078,014,895

Manitoba
7,404,099,253

2,535,637,482

129,354,378

57,013,094

90,445,575

1,139,922,787

34,583,042

177,698,382

Saskatchewan
8,079,243,781

3,773,157,801

146,677,437

47,303,941

134,586,397

1,300,011,144

13,467,732

193,901,851

Alberta
20,926,049,599

9,837,289,778

383,445,805

156,915,056

350,907,279

4,978,347,918

107,510,967

502,225,190

British Columbia
20,201,858,440

7,748,385,299

224,284,383

204,049,433

277,454,501

2,725,858,064

170,234,614

646,459,470

Yukon
166,078,050

228,129,463

26,410,536

1,677,556

39,557,879

154,538,196

2,275,126

2,657,249

Northwest Territories
131,973,668

82,949,932

4,483,666

1,512,221

2,959,572

48,953,852

683,484

2,111,579

Canada
206,884,622,347

65,164,490,627

1,932,856,162

2,055,614,354

2,356,914,357

30,542,388,987

979,348,080

7,743,686,327

Années

Provinces and regions / Fuel

LDGV

LDGT

HDGV

LDDV

LDDT

HDDV

MC

TAXI

TOTAL

Unités
g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

Newfoundland
9.78E-04

5.36E-04

1.36E-05

2.49E-03

1.33E-02

1.50E-01

1.00E-05

2.35E-05

0.17

Prince Edward Island
3.91E-04

1.49E-04

3.62E-06

1.93E-03

3.68E-03

4.01E-02

1.71E-06

6.25E-06

0.05

Nova Scotia
1.98E-03

8.60E-04

2.39E-05

1.70E-02

2.13E-02

2.65E-01

1.52E-05

4.74E-05

0.31

New Brunswick
2.21E-03

7.59E-04

2.08E-05

1.43E-02

1.88E-02

2.30E-01

1.00E-05

5.30E-05

0.27

Quebec
2.00E-02

3.82E-03

1.09E-04

1.95E-01

9.46E-02

1.67E+00

6.91E-05

6.40E-04

1.99

Ontario
2.84E-02

8.63E-03

1.96E-04

1.67E-01

2.14E-01

2.69E+00

1.28E-04

1.47E-03

3.11

Manitoba
2.67E-03

9.13E-04

4.66E-05

1.43E-02

2.26E-02

2.85E-01

1.24E-05

6.40E-05

0.33

Saskatchewan
2.91E-03

1.36E-03

5.28E-05

1.18E-02

3.36E-02

3.25E-01

4.85E-06

6.98E-05

0.37

Alberta
7.53E-03

3.54E-03

1.38E-04

3.92E-02

8.77E-02

1.24E+00

3.87E-05

1.81E-04

1.38

British Columbia
7.27E-03

2.79E-03

8.07E-05

5.10E-02

6.94E-02

6.81E-01

6.13E-05

2.33E-04

0.81

Yukon
5.98E-05

8.21E-05

9.51E-06

4.19E-04

9.89E-03

3.86E-02

8.19E-07

9.57E-07

0.05

Northwest Territories
4.75E-05

2.99E-05

1.61E-06

3.78E-04

7.40E-04

1.22E-02

2.46E-07

7.60E-07

0.01

Canada
7.45E-02

2.35E-02

6.96E-04

5.14E-01

5.89E-01

7.64E+00

3.53E-04

2.79E-03

8.84

May be High Some say

Gasoline (total)
0.10
g TEQ included in LDGV

Diesel (total)
8.74
g TEQ

Table 6.7 - PCDDs/PCDFs Atmospheric Releases from Fuel Combustion - Residential

Provinces et régions / Combustibles

Gaz naturel

LGN des usines de gaz

Mazouts pour poêles

Mazouts

légers

Mazouts lourds

Charbon bitumineux canadien

Charbon sous- bitumineux

Charbon lignite

Charbon anthracite

Charbon bitumineux importé

1995

Natural Gas

Gas plant NGL's

Kerosene & stove oil

Light fuel oil

Heavy fuel oil

Coal Canadian bituminous

Coal sub- bituminous

Coal lignite

Coal anthracite

Coal imported bituminous

Units

Gl

Ml

1000 m3

1000 m3

1000 m3

kt

kt

kt

kt

kt

Newfoundland
0.0

4.7

22.7

165.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Prince Edward Island
0.0

1.5

5.6

88.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Nova Scotia
0.0

9.1

23.3

483.4

0.2

21.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

New Brunswick
0.0

14.7

8.0

207.2

13.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Quebec
686.4

27.0

141.0

1,325.5

10.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Ontario
8,358.2

167.8

43.1

820.9

11.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Manitoba
706.4

44.3

6.9

12.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Saskatchewan
1,035.5

23.1

7.7

12.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Alberta
3,777.6

69.0

8.0

10.7

0.0

17.8

26.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

British Columbia
1,975.5

59.0

14.0

99.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Yukon
0.0

4.1

0.9

4.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Northwest Territories
25.9

6.0

10.2

8.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Canada

16,565.5

430.3

291.4

3,239.5

35.7

39.6

26.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

TOTAL

Prov/Ter. gTEQ/y

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

Newfoundland
2.87E-03

2.09E-02

2.37E-02

Prince Edward Island
7.07E-04

1.12E-02

1.19E-02

Nova Scotia
2.94E-03

6.11E-02

2.53E-05

2.15E+00

2.21E+00

New Brunswick
1.01E-03

2.62E-02

1.74E-03

2.89E-02

Quebec
1.78E-02

1.67E-01

1.30E-03

1.87E-01

Ontario
5.44E-03

1.04E-01

1.44E-03

1.11E-01

Manitoba
8.72E-04

1.60E-03

2.48E-03

Saskatchewan
9.73E-04

1.63E-03

2.60E-03

Alberta
1.01E-03

1.35E-03

1.75E+00

2.64E+00

4.40E+00

British Columbia
1.77E-03

1.25E-02

3.94E-03

1.82E-02

Yukon
1.14E-04

5.43E-04

6.57E-04

Northwest Territories
1.29E-03

1.11E-03

2.40E-03

Canada

3.68E-02

4.09E-01

4.51E-03

3.90E+00

2.64E+00

0.00E+00

0.00E+00

0.00E+00

6.99

Table 6.8 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Electric Power Generation (fossil fuel)

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y TEQ Hexachlorobenzene g/y

Control

conc. Env. Comment

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/ F 1990 ng/m3 (A,W,S)

ng/m3

Alberta

Alberta Power Battle River 0.270 0.273 F A EPA Factors ESP

Alberta Power H.R. Milner 0.037 0.037 F A EPA Factors Baghouse

Alberta Power Sheernes 0.070 0.146 F A EPA Factors ESP

EPCOR Genesee 0.028 0.057 0.005 F A EPRI - HCB: ND ESP

TransAlta Keephills 0.310 0.012 F A EPA - HCB: NA ESP

TransAlta Sundance 0.810 0.012 F A EPA - HCB: NA ESP

TransAlta Wabamun 0.240 0.012 F A EPA - HCB: NA ESP, Baghouse for 1

unit

Sum : Alberta 0.41 1.87

Manitoba

Manitoba Hydro Brandon 0.025 0.011 F A EPA Factors ESP

Manitoba Hydro Selkirk 0.002 0.005 F A EPA Factors - Standby unit Multicyclone

Sum: Manitoba 0.03 0.02

New Brunswick

NB Power Belledune 0.100 0.100 F A Release calculated by EC ESP, FGD

NB Power Coleson Cove 0.120 0.120 F A Release calculated by EC ESP

NB Power Courtney Bay 0.020 0.020 F A Release calculated by EC

NB Power Dalhousie 0.110 0.110 F A Release calculated by EC ESP, FGD

NB Power Grand Lake 0.010 0.010 F A Release calculated by EC ESP

Sum: New Brunswick 0.36 0.36

Data provided or confirmed by facilities except for NB Power EPA Factors = 0.09 ng TEQ/kg

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.8 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Electric Power Generation (fossil fuel) (Cont.)

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y TEQ HCB g/y

Control

conc. Env. Comment

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. ng/m3 T/ F 1990 ng/m3 (A,W,S)

Nova Scotia

NS Power Lingan 0.300 0.300 0.025 F A EPA; No major changes: 90 & 95 ESP

NS Power Point Aconi 0.020 0.020 0.006 T A EPA; No major changes: 90 & 95 FB/BH

NS Power Point Tupper 0.080 0.080 0.022 F A EPA; No major changes: 90 & 95 ESP

NS Power Trenton 0.160 0.160 0.027 F A EPA; No major changes: 90 & 95 ESP

NS Power Tufts Cove 0.190 0.190 0.03 F A EPA; No major changes: 90 & 95 ESP, Cyclones

Sum: Nova Scotia 0.75 0.75

Ontario

Ontario Hydro Atikokan 0.070 0.040 F A EPRI Factors ESP

Ontario Hydro Lakeview 0.160 0.050 T A ESP

Ontario Hydro Lambton 0.180 0.160 TF A EPRI Factors ESP, FGD

Ontario Hydro Lennox 0.300 0.030 T A ESP

Ontario Hydro Nanticoke 0.020 0.010 T A ESP

Ontario Hydro Thunder Bay 0.400 0.400 T A ESP

Sum: Ontario 1.13 0.69

Saskatchewan

Sask Power Boundary Dam 0.390 0.390 F A HCB: ND Cyclones/ ESP for unit 6

Sask Power Poplar River 0.340 0.340 F A HCB: ND ESP

Sask Power Queen Elizabeth 0.010 F A natural gas in near future

Sask Power Shand 0.130 F A HCB: ND ESP, SO2 removal

Sum: Saskatchewan 0.73 0.87

Canada Total for EPG 3.4 4.6

Data provided or confirmed by facilities except for NB Power EPA Factors = 0.09 ng TEQ/kg

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.9 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Waste Wood Combustion at Saw Mills and Pulp & Paper Mills

Provinces et régions / Combustibles
Gaz naturel

LGN des usines de gaz

Mazouts pour poêles

Mazouts

légers

Mazouts

lourds

Charbon bitumineux canadien

Charbon sous bitumineux -

Charbon lignite

Charbon anthracite

Charbon bitumineux importé

Wood Based Waste Incinerated

Provinces and regions / Fuel
Natural Gas

Gas plant NGL's

Kerosene & stove oil

Light fuel oil

Heavy fuel oil

Coal Canadian bituminous

Coal sub- bituminous

Coal lignite

Coal anthracite

Coal imported bituminous

Units

Gl

Ml

1000 m3

1000 m3

1000 m3

kt

kt

kt

kt

kt

kt

Newfoundland

0.0

10.0

1.1

18.4

227.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

178.9

Prince Edward Island

0.0

4.2

0.0

5.0

20.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

28.8

Nova Scotia

0.0

22.9

0.5

52.9

109.3

16.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

296.8

New Brunswick

0.0

72.3

0.6

42.4

142.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

567.5

Quebec

1,960.6

198.3

11.0

92.1

408.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

44.6

1,167.0

Ontario

5,719.5

294.1

2.1

51.3

146.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

8.1

22.9

701.0

Manitoba

293.3

44.7

0.6

9.0

3.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

35.7

Saskatchewan

2,023.1

66.7

0.1

4.2

7.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

63.0

Alberta

6,035.0

479.2

0.7

35.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

303.3

British Columbia

1,584.3

155.2

12.4

38.5

7.5

96.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2,147.0

Yukon

0.0

0.0

2.8

2.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Northwest Territories

0.0

12.3

8.3

32.4

1.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Canada

17,615.8

1,359.9

40.2

383.9

1,070.9

116.1

0.0

0.0

8.1

67.5

5,489.0

Prov./Ter. g TEQ/y

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

g TEQ

Newfoundland

1.39E-04

2.32E-03

7.06E-03

0.20

Prince Edward Island

6.32E-04

6.20E-04

0.05

Nova Scotia

6.32E-05

6.68E-03

3.39E-03

3.31E-03

0.3

New Brunswick

7.58E-05

5.36E-03

4.43E-03

0.5

Quebec

1.39E-03

1.16E-02

1.26E-02

9.11E-03

1.2

Ontario

2.65E-04

6.48E-03

4.53E-03

1.56E-03

4.68E-03

0.7

Manitoba

7.58E-05

1.14E-03

6.88E-04

0.04

Saskatchewan

1.26E-05

5.31E-04

2.46E-04

0.06

Alberta

8.84E-05

4.47E-03

0.3

British Columbia

1.57E-03

4.86E-03

2.31E-04

1.97E-02

1.1

Yukon

3.54E-04

2.91E-04

Northwest Territories

1.05E-03

4.09E-03

5.58E-05

Canada

5.08E-03

4.85E-02

3.32E-02

2.37E-02

0.00E+00

0.00E+00

1.56E-03

1.38E-02

4.4

Table 6.10 PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Cement Kilns

PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y Hexachlorobenzene g/y

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/F 1990 1997 conc. T/F Comment

Canada Cement Lafarge Ltd. Exshaw 0.015 0.015 0.005 T Test 98

Canada Cement Lafarge Ltd. Exshaw 0.647 0.647 0.548 T Test 98

Inland Cement Edmonton 0.136 0.136 0.036 T Test 90, retest 98/10

Sum Alberta 0.80 0.80

British Columbia

Lafarge Canada, Inc. Kamloops 0.033 0.033 0.058 F

Lafarge Canada, Inc. Richmond (2) 0.336 0.336 0.170 T,F

Tilbury Cement Limited* Delta 0.016 0.005 T Started 91, Test 96

Sum British Columbia 0.37 0.39

Newfoundland

North Star Cement Ltd.* Corner Brook 0.026 0.026 0.070 F

Sum Newfoundland 0.03 0.03

Nova Scotia

Lafarge Canada, Inc.* Brookfield 0.043 0.043 0.050 F

Sum Nova Scotia 0.04 0.04

* = Cement Plants that burn alternative fuels T/F = Test / Emission Conc.= ng/m3

Table 6.10 PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Cement Kilns (Cont.)

PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y Hexachlorobenzene g/y

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/F 1990 1997 conc. T/F Comment

Ontario

Blue Circle Canada Inc. Bowmanville 0.000 0.264 0.070 F Started 91

Blue Circle Canada Inc. St. Marys 0.020 0.020 0.012 T Test 97

Essroc Canada, Inc. Picton 0.049 0.049 0.057 F

Essroc Canada, Inc. Picton (2) 0.098 0.098 0.040 T Test 97

Federal White Cement Ltd. Woodstock 0.030 0.030 F

Lafarge Canada, Inc. Bath 0.020 0.020 0.008 T Test 96

Lafarge Canada, Inc. Woodstock (2) 0.096 0.096 0.044 F

St-Lawrence Cement* Mississauga 0.200 0.200 0.158 T 38 30.000 Test 97

Sum Ontario 0.52 0.78

Quebec

Ciment Quebec, Inc.* St. Basile 0.019 0.019 0.011 T 9 60.000 Test 96

Lafarge Canada, Inc. Saint-Constant 0.037 0.037 0.025 F

Lafarge Canada, Inc.* Saint-Constant 0.037 0.037 0.025 T Test 94

St-Lawrence Cement* Beauport (2) 0.002 T Closed 96

St-Lawrence Cement* Joliette (4) 0.708 0.708 0.240 T,F 177 60.000 Test 93

Sum Quebec 0.80 0.80

Canada Grand Total

for Cement Kilns 2.6 2.8

* = Cement Plants that burn alternative fuels T/F = Test / Emission Conc.= ng/m3

Table 6.11 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Hospital Incinerators

# of PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y TEQ HCB g/y Comment Control

Province Facilities in 1990 1997 conc. T/ F 1990 conc.

1997 ng/m3 ng/m3

Alberta 0 0 0

British Columbia 16 1.662 0.1 F 0.28 all are expected to shut down 98/12

Manitoba 39 2.800 0.700 F 2 22 incinerators closed in 97

New Brunswick 3 0.468 0.2 F 0.5

Newfoundland 8 0.349 0.086 F 0.2 6 incinerators closed in 97

Northwest Territories 6 0.051 0.048 F 0.135

Nova Scotia 3 0.206 0.053 F 0.15

Ontario 69 2.570 1.07 F 3

Prince Edouard Island 2 0.027 0.007 F 0.02

Quebec 0

Saskatchewan 13 0.128 0.18 F 0.5

Yukon 1 0.025 0.07

Canada Total for 160 8.3 2.47 7

Hospital Incinerators

approx.

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.12 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from the Chemical Production Sector

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y TEQ HCB g/y Comment Control

conc. conc.

Facility Name City 1990 1997 ng/m3 T/ F 1990 ng/m3

Alberta

Dow Chemical Canada Inc. Ft-Saskatchewan 1.700 1.700 7 T 100.0 400.0 Upgrading: 95% reduction in 1998, compliance testing pending

Sum: Alberta 1.70 1.70 100

Ontario

Celanese Canada Willowdale

Dow Chemical Canada Sarnia 0.500 0.000 facility shut down in 1993

DuPont Canada Kingston

DuPont Canada Kingston 0.001 F 0.0 0.0

DuPont Canada Kingston

Esso Chemicals

Montell Canada Sarnia 0.000 0 F 0.0 0.0 process review

PCI Chemicals, Sheridan Park Mississauga 0.000 0.000 F 0.0 0.0 Research lab.

Uniroyal Chemicals Ltd.

Sum: Ontario 0.50 0.00 0

Québec

H.L. Blanchard Ltd. Montreal 0.000 0.000 F 0.0 0.0

Kronos Canada Varennes

Norsk Hydro Becancour 0.270 T Magnesium production

PetroCanada Montreal Est

Shell Canada Montreal-Est

Ultramar St-Romuald

Sum: Québec 0.27 0.00 0

Canada Total for Chemical Production 2.2 2.0 100.0

The total will be reduced by 1.6 g/y due to up-grade at Dow plant in Alberta

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.13 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Releases from Wood Preservation & In-Service and Out-of-Service Treated Wood

REFERENCE INFORMATION

ACTIVITY

RELEASE TO AIR (g/y)

RELEASE TO WATER (g/y)

WASTE GENERATION (g/y)

NOTES

Wood Preserving Plants

HCB

D/F TEQ

HCB

D/F TEQ

HCB

D/F TEQ
Air emission estimates based on U.S.

12 Plants utilize 0.5 million Kg PCP per year. Post 1987 PCP contains 0.84 mg/kg TEQs of D/F and 50 mg/dg of HCB. Pre 1987 PCP contains 3.77 mg/kg TEQs D/F and 50 mg/kg HCB

Wood Preservation
per site total per site total per site total per site total per site total per site total emissions data.
Water release estimates based on effluent volumes and known penta concentration in effluent.

Solid Waste estimates based on 20 barrels per site with average PCP content of 3%

2.76 33.1 0.147 1.76 0.006 0.076 1.1x10^-4 0.0013
9

108

0.15

1.8
Solid Waste is sent to incineration at Swan Hill or Laidlaw or to a secured landfill at Sarnia or Thurso

In-Service

In-Service Use

RELEASE TO AIR

RELEASE TO SOIL
. Volatilization estimates based on Jury model.

Utility Poles

Volatilization/

leaching from

HCB

D/F TEQ

HCB

D/F TEQ
. Leaching estimates based on Monte Carlo

in-service poles
per pole total per pole total per pole total per pole total . Newer pole estimates based on US EPA pole data

6.8 Million Poles

Post 1987 Poles

3.3x10^-4

446
7.8x10^-9
0.01

1.5X10^-5

100

1.3x10^-6

9
. Older pole estimates based on paradigm pole constructed from literature data

Pre 1987 Poles

3.3x10^-4

1784
3.5x10^-7
1.89

Railroad Ties

In-service Use

RELEASE TO SOIL
assume most PCP treated ties in-

,
HCB

D/F TEQ
service are treated with penta

per tie total per tie total formulations. Initial loading of 3.8 kg per m³ of wood

0.97 Million Ties

Post-1987 Ties
2.28x10^-3 2,213 3.8x10^-5
164

Pre-1987 Ties 1.7x10^-4

Out of Service Wood

Disposal

Contaminant Concentration in All Landfilled Wood
@ 1.9% of in-service poles are removed from service annually;

HCB (grams)

D/F gTEQ
53% are PCP treated and 4 of these poles are landfilled.

Landfilled Poles

4994 Poles

314.6

37.3
Assume most poles taken out of service are older poles

Disposal

Post-1987 Ties

768

51.2
Assume 30% of contaminants initially contained in the treated ties are lost in-service.

Landfilled Ties

5775 m³ Ties

Pre-1987 Ties
Initial loading of 3.8 kg penta per m³ of wood

Table 6.14 Wood Preservation Plants

please refer to Table 6.13

Table 6.15 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Hazardous Waste Incinerators

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y Hexachlorobenzene g/y

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/F 1990 1997 conc. T/F Comment Control

Alberta

Alberta Special Waste Treatment Swan Hills 0.003 0.009 T 7 7 T 96, closed 6 m / 97, 2 m. /98

Centre F.B. Davis

Alberta Special Waste Treatment Swan Hills 0.476 0.476 4.400 T 8 8 Closed indefinitely Feb. 98

Centre, CE Raymond

Sum: Alberta 0.48 0.48 15 15

Ontario

Laidlaw Environmental Services - Corruna 0.252 0.252 T 6 6

Lambton Facility

Ontario Hydro 0.500 0.500 47.000 T

Sum: Ontario 0.75 0.75 6 6

Québec

Laidlaw Environmental Services Mercier 0.900 0.034 T Test 92

Mercier

Sum: Quebec 0.90 0.03

Canada Total:

Hazardous Waste Incinerators 2.1 1.3 21 21

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.16 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Kraft Liquour Boilers [see section 6.16]

Table 6.17 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Federal Incinerators

# of Facilities PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y TEQ HCB g/y Comment Control

Province in 1997 1990 1997 conc. T/ F 1990 1997

ng/m3

Alberta 18 0.174 0.095 F 0.487 0.267 35 facilities in 1990

British Columbia 9 0.156 0.050 F 0.437 0.139 34 facilities in 1990

Manitoba 8 0.071 0.044 F 0.200 0.123 13 facilities in 1990

New Brunswick 3 0.031 0.009 F 0.087 0.025 7 facilities in 1990

Newfoundland 6 0.092 0.043 F 0.258 0.120 15 facilities in 1990

Northwest Territories 8 0.093 0.042 F 0.260 0.092 16 facilities in 1990

Nova Scotia 10 0.211 0.044 F 0.590 0.124 38 facilities in 1990

Ontario 20 0.334 0.196 F 0.935 0.549 46 facilities in 1990

Prince Edouard Island 0 0.011 0.000 F 0.031 0.000 2 facilities in 1990

Quebec 4 0.094 0.022 F 0.262 0.062 17 facilities in 1990

Saskatchewan 7 0.054 0.022 F 0.152 0.062 16 facilities in 1990

Yukon 0 0.006 0.000 F 0.016 0.000 2 facilities in 1990

Canada Total for:

Federal Incinerators 93 1.3 0.6 3.7 1.6 241 facilities in 1990

(approximately)

Table 6.18 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB from Steel Foundries (Electric Arc Furnaces)

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y TEQ HCB g/y Env.

Facility Name City 1990 1997 Conc. T/ F 1990 1997 Conc. (A,W,S) Comment Control

British Columbia

ESCO Ltd. Port Coquitlan 0.01 0.01 F

Sum: British Columbia 0.01 0.01

Ontario

Dominion Castings Ltd. Hamilton 0.07 0.08 F

ESCO Ltd. Port Hope 0.01 0.01 F

Sum: Ontario 0.08 0.09

Quebec

Canadian Steel Wheel Montreal 0.24 0.26 F

Div.

Slater Industries Ltd. Sorel 0.09 0.10 F

Sum: Quebec 0.33 0.36

Canada Total for:

Steel Foundries EAF 0.4 0.5

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.19 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Sewage Sludge Incinerators

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y Hexachlorobenzene g/y

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/F 1990 1997 conc. T/F Comment Control

Ontario

Corp. of the City of London London 0.087 0.087 F 142 142

(Greenway SLU)

Duffin Creek Pickering 0.030 0.030 0.052 T 49 49

Highland Creek Sewage Scarborough 0.020 0.020 0.093 T 20 20 0.090

Treatment Plant

Lakeview Wastewater (Peel) Mississauga 0.035 0.035 F 57 57

Main Treatment Plant Toronto 0.066 0.066 0.019 T 115 115 0.078

(Ashbridge's Bay)

Woodward Ave. Wastewater Hamilton 0.019 0.000 F 31 0 Closed in 1996

Treatment

Sum: Ontario 0.26 0.24 414 382

Quebec

Centre d'epuration de la Rive-sud Longueil 0.014 0.014 F 23 23

CUM Station d'epuration des eaux Montreal 0.005 0.005 0.042 T 208 208

usees

Sum: Québec 0.02 0.02 231 231

Saskatchewan

J.C. Oliver Pollution Control Center Prince Albert 0.001 0.001 F 1 1

Sum: Saskatchewan 0.00 0.00 1 1

Canada Total for:

Sewage Sludge Incinerators 0.3 0.3 645 616

Still to be confirmed by the Canadian Water and Wastewater Association

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m³

Table 6.20 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB from Base Metals Smelting Sector

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y TEQ HCB g/y Env.

Facility Name City 1990 1997 Conc. T/ F 1990 1997 Conc. (A,W,S) Comment Control

Quebec

Noranda Horn 0.10 0.10 T A

Sum: Quebec 0.10 0.10

Canada Total for:

Base Metals Smelting 0.1 0.1

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.21 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB from Secondary Lead Smelters

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y TEQ HCB g/y Env.

Facility Name City 1990 1997 Conc. T/ F 1990 1997 Conc. (A,W,S) Comment Control

British Columbia

Canada Metals New Westminster no production/process info available

Metalex Richmond no production/process info available

Sum: British Columbia

Manitoba

Canada Metals Winnipeg no production/process info available

Sum: Manitoba

Ontario

Tonolli Canada Mississauga 0.03 0.03 F A US EPA Factors: 0.92 ng TEQ/kg

scrap

Sum: Ontario 0.03 0.03

Quebec

Nova Pb Inc. Ste-Catherine 0.05 0.05 F A US EPA Factors: 0.92 ng TEQ/kg

scrap

Sum: Quebec 0.05 0.05

Canada Total for:

Secondary Lead Smelters 0.1 0.1

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

The BC and Manitoba plants are small and PCDDs/PCDFs releases from them may account for 0.02 g TEQ/y

Table 6.22 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Biomedical Waste Incinerators

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g TEQ/y Hexachlorobenzene g/y

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/F 1990 1997 conc. T/F Comment Control

ng/m³

Alberta

Biseker* Biseker 0.019 0.000 closed early 1997, reopened 98

Wainwright Regional Incinerator Wainwright 0.010 T T burns biomedical waste in 1997

Authority*

Sum: Alberta 0.02 0.01

Quebec

Systems de Rebuts Medicaux, Gatineau 4.900 0.0 57.000 T 6 T closed early 1997

Decom Inc.

Sum: Québec 4.90 6

Canada Total for:

Biomedical Waste Incinerators 4.9 0.01 6 0

* either facility in Alberta may receive hospital wastes in 1998

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/m3

Table 6.23 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Petroleum Refineries (to follow)

Table 6.24 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB Atmospheric Releases from Secondary Aluminum Smelters

Table 7.1- PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB in Effluents from Pulp and Paper

PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y TEQ HCB g/y

# of Comment Control

Province Source/Sector Plants 1990 1997 conc. T/ F 1990 conc.

pg/l pg/l

Alberta P&P: Effluents: Total 4 0.140 T

British Columbia P&P: Effluents: Total 16 4.040 T

New Brunswick P&P: Effluents: Total 4 T

Nova Scotia P&P: Effluents: Total 2 0.110 T

Ontario P&P: Effluents: Total 8 0.350 T

Québec P&P: Effluents: Total 7 0.100 T

Saskatchewan P&P: Effluents: Total 1 0.040 T

Canada Total for:

Pulp & Paper Effluents 42 450 4.5

* The PCDDs/PCDFs releases for the Pulp and Paper sector are based on an inventory of the 1995discharges The high contribution from British Columbia mills is due to the character of the effluents from the coastal mills. These show the presence of higher concentrations of certain homologues. The congener pattern of these are linked to the operations of boilers that burn salty hog, where waste ash is disposed in the effluent treatment plant. Also there are indications of a pattern associated with pulping of chips from wood treated with pentachlorophenol . These activities were not associated with either Inland British Columbia mills or mills elsewhere. The unique circumstances of the coastal mills explains why the British Columbia discharges are greater than the production from these mills would account for.

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = pg/l

Table 7.2- PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB in Effluents from Wastewater Treatment Systems

Table 7.3- PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB in Effluents from the Chemical Production Sector

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g/y TEQ HCB g/y

Comment Control

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/ F 1990 1997 conc.

pg/l pg/l

Ontario

Chinook Group Sombra 0.000 T Test

Cytec Canada Welleand Plant 0.000 0.000 T 0 0

Dow Chemical Canada Sarnia 3.000 0.000 900 6000 facility shut down in 1993

Hydro Agri Canada, Maitland Maitland 0.001 6.53 T fertilizer chemicals

PCI Chemicals, Cornwall Cornwall 0.700 0.001 10 T 108 3 18000 chlor-alkali plant till 95

Works, Main plant

PCI Chemicals, Cornwall Cornwall 0.001 0.000 3 T 5 0 400 packager inorg. gases

Works- Conpak

Sum: Ontario 3.70 0.00 1013 3

Québec

ICI Chemicals Becancour 0.003 2.567 T

PPG Canada Inc. Beauharnois 0.004 0.79 T 0 Test/ material balance; HCB =

N.D.

Sum: Québec 0.01 0

Canada Total for:

Chemical Production 3.7 0.0 1013 3

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = pg/l

"0" = BELOW DETECTION LIMIT

Table 8.1 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB in Soil from Pesticide Use

to follow, will be provided by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA)

Table 8.2 - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB in Soil from Sewage Sludge Disposal

To follow. Will be provided by the Canadian Water and Wastewater Association (CWWA)

Table 8.3- In Products - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB in Service Utility Poles

Please refer to Table 6.13

Table 9.1- In Products - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB in Service Railroad Ties

Please refer to Table 6.13

Table 9.2 - In Products - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB in Ash from Salt Laden Wood Boilers (P and P)

Province PCDDs/PCDFs in g TEQ /y Hexachlorobenzene g/y

Facility Name City 1990 1997 conc. T/F 1990 1997 conc. T/F Comment Control

British Columbia

Avenor Gold River 2.9 2.9 3.700 T Ash pond Multiclones, wet scrubber

FCCL Crofton 5.5 5.5 0.150 T Landfill

FCCL Elk Falls 57.5 57.5 0.150 T Ash pond Multiclones, wet scrubber

Harmac Pacific 34.6 34.6 1.600 T Landfill ESP

Howe Sound P&P Howe Sound 12.7 12.7 0.960 T Landfill New boiler with ESP

M&B Port Alberni 14.4 14.4 1.900 T Landfill ESP

M&B Powell River 5.2 5.2 0.710 F Landfill ESP + Hog dryer Cyclones

Skeena Cellulose Prince Rupert 0.0 0.0 0.009 T Landfill Multiclones

Western Pulp Pt. Alice 0.4 0.4 F Landfill Multiclones with cyclone on

hog dryer

Western Pulp Squamish 4.0 4.0 F Landfill New ESP

Sum: British Columbia 137.2 137.2

Canada Total: In Ash from Boilers 137.2 137.2

Burning Salt Laden Wood (P&P)

An Industry/government Working Group is looking at this sector to develop options for prevention/reduction of PCDDs/PCDFs releases

Env. (A,W,S) = Released to Air, Water or Soil T/F = Test or Emissions Factors Conc. = ng/g

"The data for Harmac Pacific may contain errors and result in dioxin release estimates that are too high. The company undertook a program of ash re-testing in March and will provide updated data that will be incorporated in any subsequent revisions to the Federal-Provincial Dioxin Task force Report."

Table 9.4 - In Products - PCDDs/PCDFs and HCB in Out-of-Service Treated Wood

Please refer to Table 6.13

Appendix - 2

Additional data/ information should be forwarded to the address bellow:

by e-mail: Raouf.Morcos@ec.gc.ca

by mail: Raouf Morcos

National Office of Pollution Prevention

Environment Canada

351 St-Joseph Blvd., 13^th floor

Hull, Quebec K1A 0H3

by fax: (819)953-7970

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